液化天然气设施的环境、健康和安全指南（英文版）.pdf

ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES  April 11, 2017 1 ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES INTRODUCTION     1. The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice.1 When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These industry sector EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially applicable to all industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industry sector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry sector guidelines can be found at ifc/ehsguidelines.   2. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them.  3. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of the results of an environmental assessment in which site-specific variables, such as host country context, assimilative capacity of the environment, and other project factors, are taken into account. The applicability of specific technical recommendations should be based on the professional opinion of qualified and experienced persons.  4. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific environmental assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the environment.  APPLICABILITY    5. The EHS Guidelines for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Facilities include information relevant to LNG base load liquefaction plants, transport (by sea and land), storage, regasification (including floating storage regasification units), peak shaving terminals, and LNG fueling facilities. For coastal LNG facilitiesincluding harbors, jetties, and in general coastal facilities (e.g., coastal terminals, marine supply bases, 1 Defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are not limited to, varying levels of environmental degradation and environmental assimilative capacity, as well as varying levels of financial and technical feasibility. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES  April 11, 2017 2 loading/offloading terminals), additional guidance is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals. For EHS issues related to vessels and floating storage units, additional guidance is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Shipping. EHS issues associated with road transportation of LNG are addressed in the General EHS Guidelines. Issues related to liquefied petroleum gas/condensate production and storage in liquefaction plants are not covered in this Guideline.  This document is organized in the following manner: 1. Industry-Specific Impacts and Management . 2 1.1 Environment . 2 1.2 Occupational Health and Safety . 10 1.3 Community Health and Safety . 15 2. Performance Indicators Monitoring . 16 2.1 Environment . 16 2.2 Occupational Health and Safety . 17 3. References . 19 Annex A. General Description of Industry Activities . 21 1.  INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT    6. This section provides a summary of EHS issues associated with LNG2 facilities, along with recommendations for their management. These issues may be relevant to any of the activities listed as applicable to these Guidelines. Additional guidance for the management of EHS issues common to largest industrial facilities during the construction and decommissioning phases is provided in the General EHS Guidelines.  1.1 Environment 7. The following environmental issues should be considered as part of a comprehensive assessment and management program that addresses project-specific risks and potential impacts. Potential environmental issues associated with LNG facilities include the following:   Hazardous material management Wastewater discharges Air emissions Waste management Noise generation LNG transport related issues LNG fueling related issues 2 Natural gas consists primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES  April 11, 2017 3 1.1.1 Hazardous Materials Management  8. Storage, transfer, and transport of LNG may result in leaks or accidental release from tanks, pipes, hoses, and pumps at land installations and in LNG transport vessels and vehicles. The storage and transfer of LNG also poses a risk of fire and, if under pressure, explosion, due to the flammable characteristics of its boil-off gas (BOG).   9. In addition to the recommendations for hazardous materials and oil management discussed in the General EHS Guidelines, recommended measures to manage these types of hazards include the following:   LNG storage tanks and components (e.g., pipes, valves, and pumps) should meet internationally recognized standards for structural design integrity and operational performance to avoid catastrophic failures and to prevent fires and explosions during normal operations and during exposure to natural hazards. Applicable internationally recognized standards may include provisions for commissioning, overfill protection, secondary containment, metering and flow control, fire protection (including flame-arresting devices), and grounding (to prevent electrostatic charge).3   Storage tanks and components (e.g., roofs and seals) should undergo periodic inspection for corrosion and structural integrity and be subject to regular maintenance and replacement of equipment (e.g., pipes, seals, connectors, and valves).4 A cathodic protection system should be installed to prevent or minimize corrosion, as necessary. Loading/unloading activities (e.g., transfer of cargo between LNG carriers and terminals) should be conducted by properly trained personnel according to pre-established formal procedures to prevent accidental releases and fire/explosion hazards. Procedures should include all aspects of the delivery or loading operation from arrival to departure, connection of grounding systems, verification of proper hose connection and disconnection, and adherence to no-smoking and no-naked-light policies for personnel and visitors.5    Spills 10. LNG is a cryogenic liquid (its boiling point at atmospheric pressure is 162C (259F) that is not flammable in liquid form. However, BOG (that is mainly methane) forms as the LNG warms, and under 3 See U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 49, Part 193: Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities: Federal Safety Standards (2006) and European Standard (EN) 1473: Installation and Equipment for Liquefied Natural GasDesign of Onshore Installations (2016), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (2016), NFPA 52 Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code (2013) and EN 13645: Installations and Equipment for Liquefied Natural GasDesign of Onshore Installations with a Storage Capacity Between 5 metric tons and 200 metric tons (2002), and relevant ISO Standards. 4 Several methods exist for inspecting tanks. Visual inspection may reveal cracks and leaks in tanks. X-ray or ultrasonic analysis can be used to measure wall thickness and pinpoint crack locations. Hydrostatic testing may indicate leaks caused by pressure, while a combination of magnetic flux eddy current and ultrasonic analysis can be used to detect pitting. 5 Examples of good practice for LNG loading and unloading include Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals3rd edition (1999), Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators Ltd (SIGTTO), and U.S. CFR Title 33, Part 127: Waterfront Facilities Handling Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Hazardous Gas. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES  April 11, 2017 4 certain conditions could result in a vapor cloud if released. Uncontrolled releases of LNG could lead to jet or pool fires if an ignition source is present, or to a methane vapor cloud that is potentially flammable (flash fire) under unconfined or confined conditions if an ignition source is present. LNG spilled directly onto a warm surface (such as water6) could result in a sudden phase change known as a Rapid Phase Transition (RPT).7 11.  In addition to recommendations for emergency preparedness and response provided in the General EHS Guidelines, recommended measures to prevent and respond to LNG spills include the following: Conduct a spill risk assessment for the facilities and related transport/shipping activities, supported by internationally recognized models. Develop a spill prevention and control plan that addresses significant scenarios and magnitude of releases. The plan should be supported by the necessary resources and training. Equipment to respond to small spills that are operational in nature must be available at the facility. Arrangements and procedures to mobilize external resources in responding to larger spills and strategies for their deployment should be included, together with a full list describing the nature, location, and use of on-site and off-site response equipment and the response times for its deployment. Develop spill control response plans in coordination with the relevant local regulatory agencies.   Equip facilities with a system for the early detection of gas releases, designed to identify the existence of a gas release and to help pinpoint its source so that operator-initiated Emergency Shutdown (ESD) systems can be rapidly activated, thereby minimizing the inventory of gas releases. Make an ESD system available to initiate automatic transfer shutdown actions in case of a significant LNG leak. For unloading/loading activities involving LNG carriers and terminals, prepare and implement spill prevention procedures for carrier loading and off-loading according to applicable internationally recognized standards and guidelines which specifically address advance communications and planning with the receiving terminal.8   Ensure that onshore LNG storage tanks are designed with adequate secondary containment (e.g., high nickel-content welded steel inner tank and reinforced concrete outer tank; single wall tank with an external containment basin, full containment tank design) so as to contain a sudden release. 6 LNG vaporizes rapidly when exposed to ambient heat sources such as water, producing approximately 600 standard cubic meters of natural gas for each cubic meter of liquid. 7 A potentially significant environmental and safety hazard from LNG shipping is related to RPT that can occur when LNG is accidentally spilled onto water at a very fast rate. The heat transfer from water to spilled LNG causes LNG to instantly convert from its liquid phase to its gaseous phase. The large amount of energy released during a RPT can cause a physical explosion with no combustion or chemical reaction. The hazard potential of rapid phase transitions can be severe, but is generally localized within the spill area.   8 See U.S. CFR Title 49, Part 193: Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities: Federal Safety Standards (2006), EN 1473: Installation and Equipment for Liquefied Natural GasDesign of Onshore Installations (2016), and NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (2016). ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FACILITIES  April 11, 2017 5 Facilities should provide grading, drainage, or impoundment for vaporization, process, or transfer areas able to contain the largest total quantity of LNG or other flammable liquid that could be released from a single transfer line in 10 minutes.9 Ensure that material selection for piping and equipment that can be exposed to cryogenic temperatures follows international design standards.10 In case of a gas release, allow safe dispersion of the released gas, maximizing ventilation of areas and minimizing the possibility that gas can accumulate in closed or partially closed spaces. Spilled LNG should be left to evaporate and evaporation rate should be reduced, if possible, (e.g., by covering with expanding foam). Design the facility drainage system such that accidental releases of hazardous substances are collected to reduce the fire and explosion risk and environmental discharge. The LNG spill drainage system (trough and sump system) design should be optimized to reduce vaporization rates to limit the overall vapor dispersion area.11 1.1.2  Wastewater Discharges 12. The General EHS Guidelines provide information on wastewater management, water conservation and reuse, along with wastewater and water quality monitoring programs. The guidance below is related to additional wastewa