女性在企业和管理中：为什么亟需改变？（英文版）.pdf

Women in Business and Management The business case for changei May, 2019 Bureau for Employers Activities (ACT/EMP) International Labour Office Women in Business and Management The business case for change ii Copyright International Labour Organization 2019 First published 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: rightsilo. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit ifrro to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Women in business and management: the business case for change / International Labour Office. - Geneva:ILO, 2019. English edition ISBN: 978-92-2-133167-4 (print) 978-92-2-133168-1 (web pdf) Also available in French: ISBN 978-92-2-133169-8 (print), 978-92-2-133170-4 (web pdf); and Span- ish: ISBN 978-92-2-133171-1 (print), 978-92-2-133172-8 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: ilo/publns. Printed in Italyiii Preface For the past five years, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has built a case for higher representation of women in decision-making positions. Our first global report on Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum was published in 2015 and we have continuously worked with employer and business membership organizations (EBMOs) globally to present the business case for gender diversity, provide information and data on the evolving situation of women in management and boardrooms and showcase good practice examples from enterprises and EBMOs on their measures and strategies to shift the status quo. We know that improving gender diversity in the workplace does not only benefit women. Mounting evidence shows that it is a boon to societies, economies and enterprises themselves. Encouragingly, we are seeing considerable efforts by enterprises and EBMOs to reap the benefits of having women at the top across countries in all regions. Still, progress has been patchy, and, in some cases, the pace of change has not been compatible with the positive evidence. The success of these efforts is crucial in enabling enterprises to secure talented women and men who will seize new growth opportunities and offer business solutions as we navigate the forces that are transforming the nature of work. In 2019, we present our second global report on Women in Business and Management: The business case for change. Our new report, conducted together with EBMOs and nearly 13,000 surveyed enterprises across the globe, offers new insights into how gender diversity at the top improves organizational performance. These include how the many dimensions of an organizations policies, a gender-balanced workforce and a gender-inclusive culture, among other factors, move the needle for more women to hold decision-making power. In short, this report explores the business case for gender diversity in the workplace and womens representation at the management and board levels, and it evaluates the success of various inclusion initiatives. The business case for gender diversity has been quantified and measured in numerous studies. Our own research reinforces and expands this evidence at the global scale all enterprises stand to benefit from higher profitability and productivity; increased ability to attract and retain talent; greater creativity, innovation and openness; enhanced reputation; and the ability to better gauge consumer interest and demand. The benefits are not insignificant: nearly three out of four surveyed enterprises that cited improved bottom line indicated a profit increase of between 5 and 20 per cent. With this in mind and given the changing nature of work as well as current and future skills shortages, it is imperative for enterprises to make a strategic choice to develop their organizations into a workplace where talented women and men want to be and create enabling conditions that lead to success. Positively, the female talent pool is widening globally with women surpassing men in tertiary education, and more women than ever before are entering into science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. But close to half of the enterprises we studied considered retention of skilled women as a challenge for their businesses. Furthermore, our research shows that the more senior the position within a company, the fewer women there are to be found, known as the “leaky pipeline”. Separately, another major issue our research highlights is whats known as “glass walls” , or occupational segregation within management functions. Here, women in middle and senior management tend to be concentrated iv in certain industries: according to our research, human resources, finance and administration, and marketing and sales. By contrast, men are more dominant in operations, research and development, and profit and loss functions that are considered to be more strategic for enterprises and can often be a springboard to higher level positions When it comes to the boardrooms, studies suggest that enterprises need to reach a critical mass of 30 per cent women in order to reap the benefits of gender diversity. Our research shows that one third of enterprises surveyed are governed by a board that is constructed by this critical mass. This means the majority of boardrooms would still gain from adapting approaches that generate inclusive leadership. So how can enterprises better leverage gender diversity to generate improved business outcomes, create high performing teams and take effective action to close the gap between aspiration and reality? Broadly, enterprises need to proactively ensure equal opportunities for all staff so that career paths do not diverge at early stages and there is a healthy pipeline of women right up to the top. Importantly, practising gender diversity is more than ensuring that human resources policies are adequately aligned. It is also about creating an inclusive, respectful culture that is not dominated by one gender and that delivers the diversity of thinking that women and men bring to the table. While workplace cultures are often influenced by wider societal norms, enterprises and EBMOs can play a critical role in dispelling these biases and challenging traditions. Ultimately, businesses have the ability to directly influence and shape a gender-inclusive workplace that works for all, at all levels, and simultaneously reap the associated benefits. As we work towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially Goal 5 on advancing gender equality and womens empowerment, we encourage all businesses and their representative organizations, Governments and other stakeholders to take a proactive and considered approach to achieving this goal. It is our hope that the findings of our report assist enterprises and EBMOs globally in making gender diversity central to their strategic business agenda. Deborah France-Massin Director Bureau for Employers Activities International Labour Officev Contents Preface iii Acknowledgements xi Executive summary xii Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Scope of enterprise survey on women in business and management 12 1. The business and economic case for a gender-diverse workforce 14 1.1 The effect of female employment on GDP 16 1.2 Gender diversity initiatives enhance business outcomes 19 1.3 Gender diversitys link to enterprise profits 22 1.4 Attracting and retaining skills 24 1.5 Female talent pool still widening 25 2. Gender diversity in business and management 28 2.1 Women in management 30 2.2 Women as business owners 36 2.3 Chief executive level 40 2.4 Talent pipeline leaking 42 2.5 “Glass walls” hindering the pathway to the top 44 2.6 Fixing the leaky pipeline 46 3. Gender diversity in the boardroom and corporate governance 48 3.1 Women on boards 50 3.2 Women as board chairpersons 53 3.3 Gender diversity on boards and its wider impact 54 3.4 “Glass walls” on company boards 55 3.5 Initiatives to advance gender diversity on boards 56vi 4. Transforming the wider business environment 60 4.1 Shaping a gender-inclusive organizational culture 62 4.2 Reducing the pay gap 68 4.3 Implementing effective enterprise policies and measures 72 Way forward 77 Bibliography 80 Annexes Annex I. Estimations 89 Annex II. Supplementary figures and tables 94 Annex III. Glossary 130 Annex IV. Country groupings by region and income level 131vii List of figures Figure 1. Labour force participation rate by region, 19912018, (A) female and (B) male . 2 Figure 2. Employment-to-population ratio by region, 19912018, (A) female and (B) male . 3 Figure 3. Unemployment rate by region, 19912018, (A) female and (B) male . 4 Figure 4. Share of employment in management positions by region, average 19912018, (A) female and (B) male . 5 Figure 5. Share of employment in management positions by region, 19912018, (A) female and (B) male . 5 Figure 6. Index of women and men in management positions by region, 19912018 (base year 1991=100), (A) Africa, (B) Asia and the Pacific, (C) Europe and Central Asia, (D) Latin America and the Caribbean, (E) Middle East and North Africa, (F) North America . 6 Figure 7. Share of women in middle and senior management, (A) United States and selected countries in Europe, 20002017 (B) selected countries in Latin America, 20122017 and (C) selected countries in Asia and the Pacific, 2011201 . 8 Figure 1.1 Output partial elasticity with respect to female employment for ten countries with the highest partial elasticity, 19912017 . 18 Figure 1.2 Output partial elasticity with respect to female employment by region, 19912017 . 18 Figure 1.3 Share of enterprises reporting whether initiatives on gender diversity and equality helped enhance business outcomes, results by world and region . 19 Figure 1.4 Share of enterprises reporting improved business outcomes resulting from initiatives on gender diversity and equality, results by world and region . 20 Figure 1.5 Share of enterprises reporting increased profit resulting from initiatives on gender diversity and equality, results by world and region . 22 Figure 1.6 Share of enterprises according to whether retention of skilled women is a challenge for their organization, results by world and region . 24 Figure 1.7 Share of women among total tertiary graduates, average annual rates, latest years, results by world and region . 25 Figure 1.8 Share of women among total tertiary STEM graduates, average annual rates, latest years, results by world and region . 26 Figure 2.1 Share of enterprises by proportion of female employees in their workforce . 30 Figure 2.2 Share of enterprises by proportion of female managers at four levels of management, (A) results by management level and (B) results by region . 31 Figure 2.3 Share of women in management, latest years, selected countries by region, (A) Africa, (B) Americas, (C) Asia and the Pacific, (D) Europe and Central Asia and (E) Middle East and North Africa . 34 Figure 2.4 Share of women as employers, 19912018, (A) results by world and region and (B) results by country income group . 37 Figure 2.5 Comparison between the share women managers and women employers, selected countries with higher shares of women as employers, latest years . 37 List of boxes Box 2.1 A glimpse into women managers from the pool of survey respondents . 33 Box 2.2 Case study on women in business in Central America . 38viii Figure 2.6 The gender of the CEO in enterprises (A) results by world and region and (B) results by enterprise size . 40 Figure 2.7 Share of women in employment, in total management and in middle and senior management for selected countries, latest years . 44 Figure 2.8 Share of enterprises with women in functional middle and senior management areas by world and region . 45 Figure 3.1 Share of enterprises reporting the proportion of female board members, results by world and region . 51 Figure 3.2 Gender