2019全球航空安全状况（英文版）.pdf

SAFETY State of Global Aviation Safety ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition3 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Coordinated, Risk-based Approach to Improving Global Aviation Safety The air transport industry plays a major role in global economic activity and development. One of the key elements to maintaining the vitality of civil aviation is to ensure safe, secure, efficient and environmentally sustainable operations at the global, regional and national levels. A specialized agency of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. ICAO promulgates Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) to facilitate harmonised regulations in aviation safety, security, efficiency and environmental protection on a global basis. Today, ICAO manages over 12 000 SARPs across the 19 Annexes and five Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), many of which are constantly evolving in tandem with latest developments and innovations. ICAO serves as the primary forum for co-operation in all fields of civil aviation among its 193 Member States. Improving the safety of the global air transport system is ICAOs guiding and most fundamental strategic objective. The Organization works constantly to address and enhance global aviation safety through the following coordinated activities: Policy and Standardization; Monitoring of key safety trends and indicators; Safety Analysis; and Implementing programmes to address safety issues. The ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) presents the strategy in support of the prioritization and continuous improvement of aviation safety. The GASP sets the goals and targets and outlines key safety enhancement initiatives (SEIs). These global and regional initiatives are established and monitored on the basis of safety management principles. This year, ICAO publishes a special edition of the annual safety report on the occasion of the 75 thAnniversary of the Organization and the convening of the 40 thSession of the ICAO Assembly. This special edition, which presents the state of global aviation safety, is structured in alignment with the GASP and the Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP) which provides global strategic guidelines to drive the evolution of the air navigation system. This report provides a comprehensive account of ICAOs safety achievements over the past 75 years and updates on safety performance indicators (SPIs), including accidents that occurred in 2018, and related risk factors. Results of analysis from the 20142018 reports are used as benchmarks for comparison, although it must be noted that numbers presented in this report may not exactly match earlier editions due to data updates during the intervening period. Foreword4 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition 2019, International Civil Aviation Organization Published in Montral, Canada International Civil Aviation Organization 999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard Montral, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7 icao.int Disclaimer This report makes use of information, including air transport and safety related data and statistics, which is furnished to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) by third parties. All third party content was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and was accurately reproduced in the report at the time of printing. However, ICAO specifically does not make any warranties or representations as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of such information and accepts no liability or responsibility arising from reliance upon or use of the same. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect individual or collective opinions or official positions of ICAO Member States. Note: The ICAO Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) regions are used in the report and are listed in Appendix 1. This document focuses primarily on scheduled commercial flights. The scheduled commercial flights data was based on the Official Airline Guide (OAG) combined with internal ICAO preliminary estimates.5 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Contents Table of Contents Foreword .3 Executive Summary .6 Aviation Safety Milestones over the Past 75 Years .9 Implementation of Global Aviation Safety Plan . 13Effective Implementation of Safety Oversight System (SSO) . 13Implementation Support for Safety Management . 17Safety Management Manual, Fourth Edition with Complementary SMI Website . 17Safety Management Tools . 17Safety Management Symposia and Workshops . 19ICAO Technical Assistance Activities .20 Safety Recommendations Addressed to ICAO . 21 Accident Statistics and Analysis Scheduled Commercial Air Transport .22Overall Safety Performance Indicator Global Accident Rate .22High-Risk Accident Occurrence Categories .23Regional Accident Statistics .25Accidents by RASG Region .26Accident Trends .27GSIE Harmonized Accident Rate .28 Appendix 1 .32Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) Regions .32RASG-AFI (48).32RASG-APAC (39) .33RASG-EUR (56) .33RASG-MID (15) .33RASG-PA (35) .33 Appendix 2 .34List of Scheduled Commercial Accidents in 2018 .34Accident Categories .37 Appendix 3 .38Important Facts about Aviation Safety .38ICAOs 75th Anniversary: Celebrating the pivotal importance of safety .39Underwater Locator Devices .40Cabin Safety Improvement . 41Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Systems: Replacing the Halon .43The ICAO Runway Safety Programme .46The Global Reporting Format (GRF) for runway surface conditions .49Introduction of “Online Airworthiness Information Network” . 51Introduction of the clean Aircraft Concept for Winter Operations .53Introducing ICAOs Aircraft Type Designator on-line website .55Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) .57Operational Trial of Advanced Surveillance Enhanced Procedural Separation using Space-Based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast .60Fatigue Management .62The evolution of visual aids in enhancing aerodrome safety .67ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements: Occurrence, Developments and Associated Documents .69ICAO actions to assist with safe Humanitarian Operations .72Addressing the Lack of Qualified Technical Personnel: the Development of the ICAO Civil Aviation Safety Inspectors Tool (CASI-T) .73Aircraft Nationality and Registration . 76Aerodrome Certification Key to Safe and Efficient Aerodrome Operations .79The Introduction of ICAO Designators . 81The evolution of the airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) and introduction of ACAS X .83ICAO provisions for wildlife strikes hazard reduction in aerodromes .85Introducing the Global Navigation Satellite System in Civil Aviation Use .88Forecasting and warning to improve flight safety and efficiency .90“Urban Air Mobility”: Is This a Different Way of Saying “Aviation in Cities”? .93Achieving Effective Safety Management Implementation .96 Challenges the Aviation Industry is Facing . 100Innovation in Aviation Introduces New Challenges . 100The Challenges of a Digital Transformation of the Global Civil Aviation System . 101New Entrants in Lower Level Airspace . 1046 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Executive Summary Yearly accident statistics indicate an increase in both the total number of accidents as well as the global accident rate in 2018. From 2017 to 2018, there was an 11 per cent increase in the total number of accidents, as reported by States. The global accident rate of 2.6 accidents per million departures also increased by 8 per cent from the 2017 rate of 2.4 accidents per million departures. The accidents used for these statistics were reviewed and validated by the ICAO Safety Indicators Study Group (SISG), and involved scheduled commercial operations of aircraft with a certified maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of over 5 700 kg as defined in ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation. Executive Summary 2017 2018 2016 2015 2014 97 3.0 92 2.8 75 2.1 88 2.4 98 2.6 Number of Accidents Accident rate Chart 1: Accident Records: 20142018 Scheduled Commercial Operations In 2018 scheduled commercial air transport accidents resulted in 514 fatalities representing a significant increase from 50 in 2017, the safest year ever on the record of aviation. The number of fatal accidents also increased from five in 2017 to 11 in 2018, and was distributed across ICAO RASG regions as shown in Map 1. ICAO continues to focus on its safety priorities which include Runway Safety (RS), Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) and Loss of Control In-Flight (LOC-I) as identified in the 20172019 edition of the GASP. One important new safety initiative under Runway Safety is the development and implementation of the Global Reporting Format (GRF) for runway surface conditions to help mitigate the risk of runway excursion. In 2018, the Thirteenth Air Navigation Conference (AN-Conf/13) was held in Montral, and was attended by 1 022 Delegates nominated by 116 ICAO Member States and 37 international organizations, as well as by advisers and others. The AN-Conf/13 made 34 recommendations under Committee A (Air Navigation Capacity and Efficiency) and 18 recommendations under Committee B (Safety) on matters related to its agenda. The follow-up on AN-Conf/13 7 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Executive Summary Chart 3: Historical Trends for Scheduled Commercial Operations 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1 10 100 1000 Accidents Accident Rate Fatal Accidents Fatalities Chart 2: Fatal Accident Records: 20142018 Scheduled Commercial Operations 2017 2018 2016 2015 2014 911 8 474 6 182 7 50 5 514 11 Number of Fatalities Number of Fatal accidents8 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Executive Summary RASG-PA : 3 RASG-AFI: 2 RASG-APAC: 3 RASG-EUR: 2 RASG-MID: 1 Map 1: Number of Fatal Accidents in each RASG Region recommendations will involve considerable work by ICAO to further enhance aviation safety. The 20202022 draft edition of the GASP was also discussed and reviewed during the AN-Conf/13 and will be endorsed by the 40 thSession of ICAO Assembly in September 2019. This edition of the plan identifies five high risk categories (HRCs) of occurrences including LOC-I, CFIT, runway excursion (RE), runway incursion (RI) and mid-air collision (MAC). ICAO is committed to improving aviation safety and enabling seamless cooperation and communication among stakeholders. As such, continuous collaboration takes place with established regional bodies/organizations, such as Regional Aviation Safety Groups (RASGs), Regional Safety Oversight Organizations (RSOOs) and Regional Accident and Incident Investigation Organizations (RAIOs), to promote and develop capacity building and the implementation support necessary to address emerging safety issues. The ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) Continuous Monitoring Approach (CMA) determines States capabilities for safety oversight using a risk-based approach in assessing and monitoring the effective implementation (EI) of the Critical Elements (CEs) of a safety oversight system. The global average EI increased from 65.5 per cent in 2017 to 67.43 per cent in 2018, with 72.43 per cent of States having achieved the target of 60 per cent EI, as suggested by the 20172019 edition of the GASP. In 2018, four ICAO Member States had a total of four Significant Safety Concerns (SSCs) in the areas of Air Navigation Services and Aircraft Operations. In response to existing and emerging trends, ICAO is working in partnership with the international aviation community to achieve future safety improvements, with an emphasis on improving safety performance through standardization, monitoring and implementation. The 2019 edition of the Safety Report, as usual, provides a high-level summary of ICAOs achievements to enhance aviation safety in 2018 and updates key safety performance indicators with reference to the 20142018 time period. Also included is an overview of some technological and/or regulatory breakthroughs of the aviation industry over the past 75 years. Appendix 3 of this report presents articles that shed light on challenges States and the aviation industry are currently facing, in addition to facts about aviation safety in various technical domains.9 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Aviation Safety Milestones over the Past 75 Years Safety Milestones 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation signed in Chicago on 7 December 1944. 1945 Commercial aviation commenced using ex-military aircraft from World War II with unreliable piston engines and unpressurized cabins. There was no radio for communication and navigation was astra