艰难复苏路：疫情下的亚裔美国人（英文版）.pdf

Public Sector PracticeCOVID-19 and advancing Asian American recoveryAsian American communities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Stakeholders in the public, private, and social sectors can help spur their recovery and promote greater equity.August 2020 Ippei Naoi/Getty ImagesThis article was a collaborative effort by Elaine Dang, Samuel Huang, Adrian Kwok, Harrison Lung, Michael Park, and Emily Yueh.The experiences of Asian Americans in the United States have been marked by a basic contradiction.1At 20 million strongnearly 6 percent of the US populationthey are a powerful economic force: nearly two million Asian Americanowned small businesses generate $700 billion in annual GDP and employ around 3.5 million people.2Asian Americans have been part of the countrys tapestry dating back to the 1800s. But despite wide-ranging contributions to US society, they have historically been overlooked. Indeed, the common perception of Asian Americans as the “model minority,” excelling and assimilating, has led many people to not view them as marginalized at all. This dynamic often excludes them from diversity initiatives, leading to underrepresentation in business and politics and leaving many without support in navigating persistent language barriers.3The COVID-19 pandemics comparatively deep impact on Asian Americansand other communities of colorhas exposed the gap between perception and reality. A look beneath the top-line numbers reveals that the Asian American community is not a monolith: Asian Americans have some of the widest variances in corporate success, educational attainment, and income. The communitys workers disproportionately hold high-contact essential jobs that place them at greater health risk. Asian-owned businesses are overrepresented in sectors that have been hardest hit by COVID-19. Further, the pandemic has exacerbated anti-Asian xenophobia and racism, which have historically acted as barriers to equity. As the countrys stakeholders in the public, private, and social sectors look toward recovery, the Asian American community will be a critical engine. The Asian American population is projected to become the largest immigrant group (38 percent of immigrants) in the United States by 2055, so raising awareness of the community and addressing inequities within the group are increasingly urgent.4Gaining a greater understanding of Asian Americansthe true picture of their experiences, strengths, and challengesis vital (see sidebar “A primer on the Asian American experience in the United States”).This article aims to do the following:null Equip stakeholders in the public, private, and social sectors as well as individuals with a set of demographic data on Asian Americansnull Identify disparities, exposed by COVID-19, that have affected Asian Americansnull Share actionable opportunities for private and public leaders to achieve equity for Asian Americans during the COVID-19 recovery and for individuals to contribute to the dialogueactions that could also support all groups experiencing a disproportionate impact from the crisis 1For the purposes of this article, we define the Asian American community as Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders who hail from roughly 50 countries in the AsiaPacific region, speak more than 100 languages, and now reside in the United States.2“Small business,” National Council of Asian Pacific Americans, aapiern.3Buck Gee and Denise Peck, “Asian Americans are the least likely group in the U.S. to be promoted to management,” Harvard Business Review, May 31, 2018, hbr.4Gustavo Lpez, Eileen Patten, and Neil G. Ruiz, “Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population,” Pew Research Center, September 8, 2017, pewresearch. The Asian American population is projected to become the largest immigrant group in the United States by 2055.2 COVID-19 and advancing Asian American recoveryKey demographic data for decision makersAsian American immigrants and their descendants are diverse both culturally and socioeconomically (Exhibit 1). A deeper look at the Asian American community highlights potential blind spots in business-decision and policy making, as well as in broader inclusion and equity efforts. The impact of COVID-19 on Asian American lives and livelihoodsCOVID-19 has had a massive impact on all segments of US society. Asian Americans have suffered disproportionately across a number of metrics. Certain parts of the community have been at higher risk of infection and death, and rising xenophobia has worsened mental health. Asian Americans experienced an earlier decline in business and employment andwithout targeted policy and business actionmay recover more slowly.Impact on health There is a lack of accurate, disaggregated data on Asian Americans, which is crucial in assessing the health impact of COVID-19 on the Asian American population.5While the aggregated Asian American death rate from COVID-19 is similar to that of white Americans, significant disparities emerge at the subgroup level.6For example, Pacific Islanders A primer on the Asian American experience in the United StatesTo correct commonly held misconcep-tions about the Asian American communitys socioeconomic outcomes, public and private leaders must gain an understanding of the history of Asians in the United States.1Asian Americans have historically been omitted from the national discourse, in part because of exclusionary immigration policies and xenophobia. For example, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first law in US history to prevent immigration solely on the basis of ethnicity, and in the early 1900s, states enacted laws that banned all Asians from owning land or from marrying outside their race. Legal exclusion and widespread racism culminated in the internment of American citizens of Japanese descent during World War II. The tide began to turn with the Immigration Act of 1965a hard-won result of the broader civil rights movement. Millions of Asian immigrants were welcomed into the country, and many of them entered high-skill occupations. In the 1970s, successive waves of refugees escaping conflict in Southeast Asia resettled in the United States. More recently, additional highly skilled workers, including South Asians, arrived through the H1B visa process. These multiple waves of immigrants, hailing from more than 50 countries, contribute to the broad range of socioeconomic outcomes seen today and underscore the groups multifaceted nature.During the pandemic, xenophobia against Asian Americans has risen again.Efforts to explicitly tie COVID-19 to China have stoked racial animus toward Asian Americans that harks back to previous chapters in United States history, when immigrants were scapegoated for broader socioeconomic misfortunes.1For more, see “Asian Americans then and now,” Asia Society, asiasociety; and Asian Americans, Public Broadcasting Service, pbs.5Namratha Kandula and Nilay Shah, “Asian Americans invisible in COVID-19 data and in public health response,” June 16, 2020, Chicago Reporter, chicagoreporter.6“The color of coronavirus: COVID-19 deaths by race and ethnicity in the U.S.,” APM Research Lab, July 8, 2020, apmresearchlab.3COVID-19 and advancing Asian American recoveryExhibit 1There is a wide variance in Asian American demographics and experiences that should inform business leaders and policy makers when formulating COVID-19 recovery efforts.WAsian Americans are not a demographic monolith.Asian Americans experience a wide range of socioeconomic outcomes.There is a wide variance in Asian American demographics and experiences that should inform business leaders and policy makers when formulating COVID-19 recovery ef_forts.Born in the United States,2%AANHPI American Indian0 10050502512.52525Households where English is not the primary language,2%JapaneseLaotianChinese FilipinoAsian IndianPolynesianNepaleseHmongNative HawaiianPakistaniKoreanAANHPI HL B AIW0 100AANHPIHLB AIWAI BlackB HispanicLatinoHL WhiteWJapanese ChineseKoreanNative HawaiianAsianIndianMicronesianCambodianPakistaniBurmese/MyanmaFilipinoBangladeshiPolynesianUnemployed,2%Education level less than high-school diploma,2%0 5037.57575AANHPIBAI HLWAsian IndianNative HawaiianBurmese/MyanmaKoreanNepaleseHmongChineseBangladeshiIndonesian0 107.51518.5AANHPIBAIHLWKoreanJapaneseSamoanBangladeshiFilipino Guamanian orChamorroAsian Indian Asian Indian Income below poverty rate,2%0 256.252.5105AANHPI BAIHLWBangladeshiPakistani Burmese/MyanmaOther Pacif_ic IslanderFilipinoJapanese KoreanVietnameseIndividuals without health insurance,2%0 20AANHPI B AI HLOther Pacif_ic IslanderChinese MicronesianPolynesianHmongNative HawaiianJapaneseAsian Indian Pakistani FilipinoThaiChinesePakistani Southeast AsianFilipinoVietnameseBurmese/MyanmaCambodianHmongLaotianThaiIndonesian3115102111 1 1Asian American census distribution, %East AsianChinese1JapaneseKorean352384Native Hawaiian orPacif_ic IslanderOther Pacif_ic IslanderPolynesianMicronesianNative HawaiianGuamanian orChamorro Samoan83211 1 1South AsianAsian IndianPakistaniBangladeshiNepalese262231 1Macro race key: Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacif_ic IslanderGuamanian orChamorroOther Pacif_ic IslanderVietnameseOther Pacif_ic Islander VietnameseHmongJapanese Other Pacif_ic IslanderPolynesianPakistaniVietnameseOther Pacif_ic IslanderVietnameseHmongCambodianThaiNative HawaiianPolynesianPolynesianChineseNative HawaiianSamoanLaotianHmongFilipinoBangladeshiBangladeshiVietnameseKoreanIndonesianCurrently, Asian Americans have the highest within-group income inequality in the United States.The top 10% of earners had10.7 8.7the income of the bottom 10% compared with the national average of1 US Census data ref_lect the combination of two categories: “Chinese (except Taiwanese)” and “Taiwanese.” The data do not contain further segmentation for these groups.2 Selected subgroups ref_lected.Source: 2018 American Community Survey 1-year estimates, US Census Bureau WAsian Americans are not a demographic monolith.Asian Americans experience a wide range of socioeconomic outcomes.There is a wide variance in Asian American demographics and experiences that should inform business leaders and policy makers when formulating COVID-19 recovery ef_forts.Born in the United States,2%AANHPI American Indian0 10050502512.52525Households where English is not the primary language,2%JapaneseLaotianChinese FilipinoAsian IndianPolynesianNepaleseHmongNative HawaiianPakistaniKoreanAANHPI HL B AIW0 100AANHPIHLB AIWAI BlackB HispanicLatinoHL WhiteWJapanese ChineseKoreanNative HawaiianAsianIndianMicronesianCambodianPakistaniBurmese/MyanmaFilipinoBangladeshiPolynesianUnemployed,2%Education level less than high-school diploma,2%0 5037.57575AANHPIBAI HLWAsian IndianNative HawaiianBurmese/MyanmaKoreanNepaleseHmongChineseBangladeshiIndonesian0 107.51518.5AANHPIBAIHLWKoreanJapaneseSamoanBangladeshiFilipino Guamanian orChamorroAsian Indian Asian Indian Income below poverty rate,2%0 256.252.5105AANHPI BAIHLWBangladeshiPakistani Burmese/MyanmaOther Pacif_ic IslanderFilipinoJapanese KoreanVietnameseIndividuals without health insurance,2%0 20AANHPI B AI HLOther Pacif_ic IslanderChinese MicronesianPolynesianHmongNative HawaiianJapaneseAsian Indian Pakistani FilipinoThaiChinesePakistani Southeast AsianFilipinoVietnameseBurmese/MyanmaCambodianHmongLaotianThaiIndonesian3115102111 1 1Asian American census distribution, %East AsianChinese1JapaneseKorean352384Native Hawaiian orPacif_ic IslanderOther Pacif_ic IslanderPolynesianMicronesianNative HawaiianGuamanian orChamorro Samoan83211 1 1South AsianAsian IndianPakistaniBangladeshiNepalese262231 1Macro race key: Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacif_ic IslanderGuamanian orChamorroOther Pacif_ic IslanderVietnameseOther Pacif_ic Islander VietnameseHmongJapanese Other Pacif_ic IslanderPolynesianPakistaniVietnameseOther Pacif_ic IslanderVietnameseHmongCambodianThaiNative HawaiianPolynesianPolynesianChineseNative HawaiianSamoanLaotianHmongFilipinoBangladeshiBangladeshiVietnameseKoreanIndonesianCurrently, Asian Americans have the highest within-group income inequality in the United States.The top 10% of earners had10.7 8.7the income of the bottom 10% compared with the national average of1 US Census data ref_lect the combination of two categories: “Chinese (except Taiwanese)” and “Taiwanese.” The data do not contain further segmentation for these groups.2 Selected subgroups ref_lected.Source: 2018 American Community Survey 1-year estimates, US Census Bureau 4 COVID-19 and advancing Asian American recoveryExhibit 1 (continued)WAsian Americans are not a demographic monolith.Asian Americans experience a wide range of socioeconomic outcomes.There is a wide variance in Asian American demographics and experiences that should inform business leaders and policy makers when formulating COVID-19 recovery ef_forts.Born in the United States,2%AANHPI American Indian0 10050502512.52525Households where English is not the primary language,2%JapaneseLaotianChinese FilipinoAsian IndianPolynesianNepaleseHmongNative HawaiianPakistaniKoreanAANHPI HL B AIW0 100AANHPIHLB AIWAI BlackB HispanicLatinoHL WhiteWJapanese ChineseKoreanNative HawaiianAsianIndianMicronesianCambodianPakistaniBurmese/MyanmaFilipinoBangladeshiPolynesianUnemployed,2%Education level less than high-school diploma,2%0 5037.57575AANHPIBAI HLWAsian IndianNative HawaiianBurmese/MyanmaKoreanNepaleseHmongChineseBangladeshiIndonesian0 107.51518.5AANHPIBAIHLWKoreanJapaneseSamoanBangladeshiFilipino Guamanian orChamorroAsian Indian Asian Indian Income below poverty rate,2%0 256.252.5105AANHPI BAIHLWBangladeshiPakistani Burmese/MyanmaOther Pacif_ic IslanderFilipinoJapanese KoreanVietnameseIndividuals without health insurance,2%0 20AANHPI B AI HLOther Pacif_ic IslanderChinese MicronesianPolynesianHmongNative HawaiianJapaneseAsian Indian Pakistani FilipinoThaiChinesePakistani Southeast AsianFilipinoVietnameseBurmese/MyanmaCambodianHmongLaotianThaiIndonesian3115102111 1 1Asian American census distribution, %East AsianChinese1JapaneseKorean352384Native Hawaiian orPacif_ic IslanderOther Pacif_ic IslanderPolynesianMicronesianNative HawaiianGuamanian orChamorro Samoan83211 1 1South AsianAsian IndianPakistaniBangladeshiNepalese262231 1Macro race key: Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacif_ic IslanderGuamanian orChamorroOther Pacif_ic IslanderVietnameseOther Pacif_ic Islander VietnameseHmongJapanese Other Pacif_ic IslanderPolynesianPakistaniVietnameseOther Pacif_ic IslanderVietnameseHmongCambodianThaiNative HawaiianPolynesianPolynesianChineseNative HawaiianSamoanLaotianHmongFilipinoBangladeshiBangladeshiVietnameseKoreanIndonesianCurrently, Asian Americans have the highest within-group income inequality in the United States.The top 10% of earners had10.7 8.7the income of the bottom 10% compared with the national average of1 US Census data ref_lect the combination of two categ