加拿大商业海豹狩猎：过去、现在和未来（英文版）.pdf

Canadas Commercial Seal Hunt:Past, Present, and FutureThis booklet is about Canadas commercial seal hunt, the one that occurs every spring off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is not about the Inuit seal hunt, which occurs in a different place, at a different time of year, and targets a different species of seal using different methods, primarily as a source of food.Canadas commercial seal hunt was the first animal welfare issue to be internationally condemned, as grainy images of white seal pups being clubbed and skinned on the ice circled the globe through television and print in the 1960s and 70s. Even today, late-night comedy hosts continue to refer to Canadians as “baby seal clubbers.” And despite polling that consistently indicates the majority of Canadians oppose this industry, we do club baby seals: clubs are still legal and regularly used, and over 98% of the animals killed are pups aged 3 weeks to 3 months of age. The question is: Why? Many people believe the seal hunt ended in the 1980s. And theyre mostly right: with the closure of the EU market to whitecoat seal products in 1983, the industry was all but dead. Then came the collapse of the cod fishery in 1992, and although we now know that overfishing and mismanagement were at fault, politicians found a scapegoat in seals. In 1995, Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin declared with no scientific evidence that harp seals were responsible for the failure of cod to recover. Tobin increased the quota for harp seals by 30%, and introduced millions of dollars in federal subsidies, effectively creating the commercial seal hunt as it exists today. Since then, hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to develop and market new seal products, support sealers organizations, provide direct subsidies to sealers, and promote seal products internationally.For about a decade, these subsidies reinvigorated the industry. The number of seals killed skyrocketed in Canada, with almost 3.5 million animals killed between 1996 and 2008. But as the kill numbers increased, so did the concerns over inhumane killing, with hunt observers and veterinary teams regularly documenting animal cruelty and unnecessary suffering.In 2009, the European Union took notice and banned the commercial trade in all seal products except for those from Indigenous hunts. Canada and Norway challenged the ban at the World Trade Organization, but lost both the original challenge and appeal. In 2014, the WTO ruled that trade bans may be justified based on public moral concerns over the commercial hunting of seals. The commercial seal hunt continues to rely on government support, offering seasonal, part-time employment for a few hundred individuals in Atlantic Canada. Efforts to market seal products other than pelts have failed, resulting in massive waste; over 90% of the meat is left on the ice or thrown in the ocean. Canadian politicians have kept this struggling industry alive for decades with a steady stream of taxpayer dollars. It is now time to support alternatives to commercial sealing that will provide sustainable, long-term, and meaningful employment. Its 2016. Its time to move on. Sheryl FinkWildlife Campaigns DirectorIFAW CanadaIntroduction1The Commercial Seal Hunt: A Brief History Harp seals have been commercially hunted in Atlantic Canada since the 1600s. Seals were originally killed for their blubber, which was made into oil. By 1740, the seal hunt was integral to Newfoundlands economy, with large quantities of seal oil shipped to Britain for heating and light, and later as an industrial lubricant and cooking oil. With the advance of technology, the need for seal and whale oil diminished. In the 1950s, Norwegian technology enabled seal pelts to be tanned on an industrial scale, and the industry shifted to hunting seals for their fur, to be made into luxury items like coats, handbags, and boots.In the 1960s, images of nursing whitecoat seal pups (under 14 days old) being killed in front of their mothers brought Canadas commercial seal hunt international media attention. The public outcry prompted a European ban on products from whitecoat seal pups in 1983, removing the main market In 1995, Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin declared (without any scientific evidence) that “there is only one major player fishing that stock, and his first name is Harp and his second name is Seal.” Tobin increased the Allowable Catch of seals, and introduced millions of dollars in financial support for the industry, including generous subsidies for every pound of meat landed. Over $20 million in subsidies was spent on the commercial sealing industry between 1996 and 2001.1With this influx of taxpayer dollars, commercial sealing experienced a revival. The hunt targeted slightly older pups aged 3 weeks 3 months of age (known as “beaters”) for their sleek silvery fur. The industry peaked in 2006, when sealers received over $100 CAD per pelt. Reality struck in 2007, when the industry admitted to having overpaid for skins and sales plummeted.2At the same time, national bans on seal products for Canadian seal products. In the wake of the European ban, and facing the threat of a UK boycott of Canadian fish, the Canadian government finally ended the commercial hunting of whitecoat seals in 1987. Canadas commercial seal hunt would have effectively ended there were it not for political intervention in the mid-1990s. Following the collapse of the Atlantic cod stocks and fishery moratorium in 1992, Canadians wanted answers, and politicians needed someone or something to blame. The Golden Age of Sealing18.3 million seals landed by Newfoundland sealers.Seal Hunt Begins to DwindleAn average of 161,000 seals are landed each year, with fewer than ten ships, and around 1500 men participating.Catches Begin to DropThe increased efficiency of steam vessels meant that the harp seal herd began diminishing.First Steel Hulled Steamer Enters the HuntWith boats and equipment becoming increasingly expensive, Water Street merchants increase their control and profit.Industrial Tanning BeginsNorwegian technology enabled the industrial processing of seal pelts. As demand for blubber dropped, seal pelts began to replace it as a commodity.Largest Seal Hunt on Record370 boats, 13,600 men, 500,000 seals landed, valued at 425,000.48 Men Die in the Greenland Disaster36 out of 50 Wooden Steamers Lost72% of the first generation of steamers were sunk, most crushed by the ice.The Great Newfoundland Disaster, and the sinking of the Southern Cross78 men died on the ice due to lack of a wireless aboard the SS Newfoundland. Many blamed Captain Abram Kean for pursuing profit over the well being of working men. A further 173 men were lost in the sinking of the Southern Cross.Newfoundland Joins ConfederationThe seal hunt effectively becomes a “Canadian” hunt.First Scientific Warning of Over-HuntingDr. Dean Fisher writes that restrictions on the hunt are needed to keep the seal population healthy.The Newfoundland Sealing Fleet Enters Wartime ServiceAverage catches plummet to 48,000 seals annually. In 1943, no large ships went to the hunt, and no seals were hunted.Norwegians Begin Sealing off NewfoundlandSEAL HUNTHistorical Timeline2were beginning to take hold in Europe. In 2009, the European Union banned the import and sale of all commercially hunted seal products and the industry has been in decline ever since. Following the ban, the number of seals killed in Atlantic Canada dropped from 218,000 to 76,000. The industry took another blow when Russia which reportedly represented 90% of Canadas seal fur exports followed with a ban in 2011. Recent catches of harp seals are back to mid-1980s levels, and pelt prices are stuck at $20-30, even when processors receive government loans to purchase pelts. Despite the commercial sealing industry receiving at least $50 million in federal funding over the past two decades, the price of a seal skin and landed value of the seal hunt has plummeted from a peak of $102 per skin in 2006 to $25-30 in recent years. In 2015, only 35,000 harp seals were killed from the allowable catch of 400,000 the lowest kill since 1986.There are currently two seal processors remaining in Newfoundland and Labrador: Carino Ltd., a privately owned subsidiary of Norwegian giant GC Rieber, and PhocaLux International Inc. which began operating in 2015. In 2012, 2013, and 2015 the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador provided $8.2 million in loans to these processors to purchase pelts. Unfortunately, sealers themselves have seen little benefit from industry subsidies and loans. Sealers receive $25-30 per pelt, and profits after expenses such as food and fuel are small. Sealing is an unpredictable and dangerous activity that offers only a few weeks of employment each year. Not surprisingly, the number of sealers involved in the hunt has declined as fishermen turn to other sources of income. In 2006, an estimated 5,594 sealers took part in the hunt; in 2014, only 393. Although there is a small market for seal products within Newfoundland, attempts to develop international Seal Population is Cut in HalfDrs. Dean Fisher and David Sergeant warn of catastrophic decline in numbers of harp seals in the Northwest Atlantic.First Seal Quotas IntroducedQuotas set for the first time by the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries.Government Scientists Call for 10 Year Moratorium on Seal HuntWith seal populations at record lows, scientists warn that the hunt is unsustainable.The 200 Mile Exclusive Economic Zone ProclaimedCanada claims exclusive access to fish and wildlife within 200 miles from its territory. Seal Pelt Prices Hit Record HighsPelt prices go over $100, but due to oversupply, collapse in subsequent years.Large Vessels Stop HuntingAverage number of seals taken in these years is 36,000. The commercial seal hunt seems to be finished.Cod Stock CollapseAfter years of government mismanagement, the cod fishery off Newfoundland collapses, leaving over 35,000 fishermen and fish plant workers unemployed.Over $50 Million in Government SupportThrough subsidies, trade junkets, loans, and other supports, the federal and provincial government keep the commercial seal hunt afloat despite no markets.European Commission Bans Products from Young SealsProducts from whitecoat and blueback seals are banned from importation into the European Union.Canadian Government Subsidizes the Seal HuntPartly to deflect pressure for the lack of cod recovery, Brian Tobin, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, introduces subsidies to the seal industry.European Union Bans Seal Products OutrightAllowing an exemption for Indigenous products, the EU bans importation of any seal product.Canada Bans Hunting of Whitecoats and Bluebacks Hunting the youngest harp and hooded seals is banned by the federal government.Newfoundland Ships No Longer HuntCanadian-based Norwegian vessels begin to dominate the seal hunt, taking more than half of all seals between 1950 and 1970.United States Bans Marine Mammal ProductsThe US Government passes the Marine Mammal Protection Act, making importation of whale and seal products illegal. markets for seal products other than fur have failed. Seal meat is not widely consumed in Canada or elsewhere. Medical research into seal heart valve transplants has been abandoned. Selling seal penises to Asian markets as aphrodisiacs is still being considered,3but demand appears to have been reduced with the introduction of Viagra. After decades of false promises, the Canadian governments attempts to access Chinese markets for seal meat have failed, and promotion of seal fur as a luxury product in Asia is struggling, as seal is viewed as a “low-end” and less desirable fur.5For the most part, Canadian fishermen appear to have successfully withstood the decline of the sealing industry, and many Newfoundlanders accept the end of the hunt as a foregone conclusion. Strangely, governments have refused to assist fishermen in the face of disappearing markets, and remained steadfast in their support for a sealing industry that is no longer necessary or economically viable in the 21st century. 3Whether one agrees with it or not, the reality is that commercial sealing is an activity that will always attract criticism, both internationally and at home. The fact that harp seals are not an endangered species, or that the pups now being killed are marginally older than the whitecoats seals targeted in the past, makes little difference. After conducting extensive scientific and socio-economic reviews of commercial seal hunts around the world, the EU passed a resolution in 2009 banning the import and sale of all commercial seal products, with exemptions for seal products hunted by Inuit and other Indigenous peoples.6Canada and Norway challenged the ban at the World Trade Organization (WTO), arguing that it was discriminatory and unfair. Both the WTO Panel and Appellate Body upheld the ban, but ruled that modifications to the exceptions were required in order to be compliant. The EU has now made the necessary adjustments, and the ban is firmly in place.In 2010 Russia also banned the import of harp seal skins,7eliminating 95% of Canadas export market. In 2011, Taiwan banned the import of marine mammal products.8Although Asia has long been touted as a potential saviour for the sealing industry, a 2011 agreement between Canada and China to allow edible seal products to be exported has not been ratified, and there are now reports of China considering a ban on seal products as well.9Shrinking markets for seal productsA TOTAL OF 34 COUNTRIES NOW HAVE RESTRICTIONS ON THE IMPORT AND SALE OF SEAL PRODUCTS. 4Canadian Harp Seal Catches Over Time1972 United States passes the Marine Mammal Protection Act, bans import of seal products.1983 Europe bans the import of whitecoat harp seal and blueback hooded seal products.1987 Canadian Government bans commercial hunting of newborn harp seals (whitecoats) and hooded seal pups (bluebacks) in Canadian waters.2006 Mexico and Croatia ban the import and export of seal products.2007 Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Austria, implement or take steps towards bans.2009 EU bans the import of all seal products, with an exemption for Inuit. 2009 Russia bans the killing of harp seals under 12 months old.2011 The Customs Union of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan bans the import and export of harp seal skins.2012 Taiwan bans seal products. 2014 Switzerland states it intends to ban seal products.2014 The World Trade Organization finds the EU seal ban compliant with international law.2015 Animal protection groups in China call for seal products ban.International Seal Product Bans5Despite minor changes to killing regulations, veterinarians and animal welfare organizations continue to raise concerns with commercial seal hunting.17Video evidence fro