“小”的力量：个体经营与中小微企业对于就业贡献的全球证据（英文版）.pdf

SMALL MATTERSGlobal evidence on the contribution to employment by the self-employed, micro-enterprises and SMEsSMALL MATTERSGlobal evidence on the contribution to employment by the self-employed, micro-enterprises and SMEsCopyright International Labour Organization 2019First published 2019Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: rightsilo. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit ifrro to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.ISBN: 978-92-2-133990-8 (print)ISBN: 978-92-2-133991-5 (web pdf)The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Na-tions practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: ilo/publns.Produced by the Publications Production Unit (PRODOC) of the ILO.Graphic and typographic design, layout and composition, printing, electronic publishing and distribution.The ILO endeavours to use paper sourced from forests managed in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner.Code: DTP-JMB-ICAiiiHow relevant are micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises for the future of work? What about the self-employed?Until recently, relatively limited worldwide empirical evidence was available to answer the above questions. Many earlier studies relied on data from formally registered firms, leaving the informal economy, which in many countries is the largest contributor to employment, out of the picture. There has been growing recognition of the role, in particular, of self-employment and micro-enterprises in driving employment, yet the evidence base is still not well developed.Drawing on a new ILO database, this report provides an up-to-date and realistic assessment of the contribution of self-employment and micro- and small enter-prises (hereafter referred to as “small economic units”) to employment both in the formal and the informal economy across the globe. The estimates presented here are based on data from household, labour and other statistical surveys conducted in a representative set of 99 countries between 2009 and 2018, which were originally used to prepare the third edition of the ILO report Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture (2018).The contribution of small economic units to worldwide total employment is sig-nificant, but there remain considerable challenges such as widespread informal employment (especially in developing countries), gender gaps, and issues related to the productivity and quality of the jobs offered by smaller firms. Examining these challenges was not within the scope of the research carried out for this report. In any case, there is still a lot that needs to be done to achieve a greater number of productive, formal and high-quality jobs in small economic units.A proper understanding of the employment contribution of small economic units is key to advancing the ILOs Decent Work Agenda and at least three of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 1 (“End poverty in all its forms everywhere”), since employment is the main source of income for most households globally;SDG 8 (“Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all”);SDG 10 (“Reduce inequality within and among countries”), which ties in with the ILO concept of Decent Work and its emphasis on enabling every member of society to participate in the creation of economic value and to enjoy the benefits of growth.The vital role played by smaller enterprises in the employment creation pro-cess has been recognized in international labour instruments, particularly ForewordHow relevant are micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises for the future of work? What about the self-employed?iv SMALL MATTERS the Job Creation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Recommendation, 1998 (No. 189), and also in the “Resolution concerning small and medium-sized enterprises and decent and productive employment creation” adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 104th Session in 2015.This report was made possible by the availability of new data collected and organized by Florence Bonnet from the ILOs Inclusive Labour Markets, Labour Relations and Working Conditions Branch (INWORK). Jan de Kok, from the con-sultancy Panteia, and Mario Berrios, from the Small and Medium Enterprises Unit within the ILOs Enterprises Department, wrote the core text. Additional input, as well as comments, was provided by Merten Sievers, also from the Small and Medium Enterprises Unit.We hope that this report will enrich discussions on job creation, particularly with regard to the major role played by small economic units and what this means for efforts in the areas of private sector development, poverty alleviation and Decent Work.Dragan RadicHead, Small and Medium Enterprises UnitILO Enterprises DepartmentvContentsExecutive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Introduction . 32 Data and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Defining firm size classes . 5Official definitions versus statistical measures . 5Are the self-employed and micro-enterprises part of the category of small and medium-sized enterprises? . 6ILO database on employment and economic unit size . 6Limitations . 73 Estimates of the contribution to employment made by the self-employed and by micro-, small and medium-sized/large enterprises. 93.1. Employment shares broken down by regions and country income groups . 93.2. Employment shares broken down by informal and formal sector . 133.3. Employment shares broken down by economic sector . 164 Conclusions and implications . 22References . 27Appendix I: Employment distribution by size of economic unit 29Appendix II: Country classifications and national surveys used in constructing the ILO database on employment and economic unit size . 35Appendix III: Selected country examples of employment distribution by economic unit size and sector. 43Appendix IV: Measuring employment in the informal and formal sectors. 45Appendix V: Literature review of studies dealing with the employment contribution of the self-employed and micro-enterprises. 47vi SMALL MATTERS 1This report examines worldwide evidence of the contribution that the self- employed1and enterprises of different size classes make to total employment. A key finding is that, globally, the self-employed and micro- and small enterprises (hereafter referred to as “small economic units”) account for the largest share of total employment.The estimates presented here are based on a new ILO database that draws on national household and labour force surveys (as opposed to firm-based surveys) from 99 countries in all the world regions except for North America. Because these surveys target people rather than firms, they are able to cover self-employment and employment in all types of enterprises:Enterprises from all size classes: micro-enterprises (with 2 to 9 employees), small enterprises (with 10 to 49 employees) and medium-sized/large enter-prises (with 50 or more employees)2; Enterprises from the informal as well as the formal sector;Enterprises from agriculture, industry and services (including public services).To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the employment con-tribution of the self-employed and of micro-, small and medium-sized/large enterprises has been estimated for such a large group of countries in particular, for low- and medium-income countries. Previous studies (e.g. ILO and GIZ, 2013) were hampered by a lack of data on the self-employed and micro-enterprises, which made it very difficult to obtain reliable estimates and to compare properly the employment shares of the various types of economic unit.1In this report, the term “self-employment” refers to the subcategory of “independent workers without employees” as defined in the Resolution concerning statistics on work relationships adopted by the 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) in 2018, and to “own-account workers” as defined in the Resolution concerning the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE) adopted by the 15th ICLS in 1993. For the purposes of this report, the term “self-employment” does not include employers (independent workers with employees).2Because of the considerable divergence in the way that different countries report employment distribution, we have been obliged, for comparability purposes, to group medium-sized and large enterprises into a single category of enterprises with 50 or more employees.3In constructing the data set for each country in the sample, data from the latest available year between 2009 and 2018 were used. This applies to all calculations and figures presented in the report.Executive summarySmall economic units altogether account for 70 per cent of total employment in the sample of 99 countries studied for this report.Employment share of the self-employed and different firm size classes, by country income group (%)3Source: ILO calculations, August 2019.Employment share70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High incomeSelf-employed 29 persons 1049 persons 50+ persons2 SMALL MATTERS The combined employment share of small economic units decreases as a countrys income level rises. This share is highest in countries in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.Employment share of the self-employed and different firm size classes, by region (%)Note: EAP = East Asia and the Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA = Middle East and North Africa; SA = South Asia; SSA = sub-Saharan Africa.Source: ILO calculations, August 2019.Employment share70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%EAPECA LACMENASA SSASelf-employed 29 persons 1049 persons 50+ personsThe above-mentioned new ILO database covers both the formal and the informal sector, which makes it possible to estimate the employment contribution of informal enterprises as well. Like the employment share of small economic units, the employment share of the informal sector is negatively correlated with per capita income, ranging from less than 5 per cent in several high-income countries to more than 90 per cent in several low-income countries.The employment contribution of the informal sector is especially high in agri-culture, which is dominated by the self-employed, almost all of whom work under informal arrangements.The present report suffers from certain limitations relating to methodology, classification of firms, the set of countries for which data are available, and the lack of sex-disaggregated data, as explained in more detail later on. Nevertheless, it offers valuable large-scale empirical evidence on the contribution that enter-prises of different size classes and the self-employed make to total employment.One of the main conclusions is that understanding the reality faced by small economic units is key to addressing the fundamental challenges of employment creation and job quality improvement. Supporting small economic units should be a central part of economic and social development strategies worldwide, but especially in low- and middle-income countries.Across the 99 countries in our sample, 62 per cent of total employment is to be found in the informal sector.3The self-employed are included in the analysis in view of the significant role that self-employment plays across the globe, particularly in developing countries. In this report, the self-employed are not treated as enterprises:4they are included as a separate group for the purposes of comparing the contribution of different types of economic unit to total employment.The data underlying the analysis are drawn from a new ILO database on employ-ment and economic unit size, which has been constructed using information from household, labour force and other similar representative national surveys conducted in 99 countries. The data have been disaggregated by world regions, country income groups, sectors of economic activity, and formality/informality status.Earlier studies (see Appendix V) have highlighted the significant share of self employment and micro- and small enterprises in total employment, but their scope is somewhat more limited. In this respect, the present reports principal contribution is that, thanks mainly to the above-mentioned new database, we are able to present employment statistics (estimates) for a large group of countries covering all sources and forms of employment. The estimates refer not only to employment in formal enterprises with at least five employees (i.e. the target group of the World Banks Enterprise Surveys), but also to employment in agri-culture, in enterprises with fewer than five employees, and in informal sector enterprises, and to the self-employed.The report is structured as follows: the next chapter presents the data and the methodology used to estimate employment shares; Chapter 3 sets out the re-sults of our analysis; a