2018年世界经济和社会概览（英文版）.pdf

World Economic and Social Survey 2018 Frontier technologies for sustainable development E/2018/50/Rev.1 ST/ESA/370 Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations New Y ork, 2018Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA) is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Departments mission is to promote and support international cooperation in the pursuit of sustainable development for all. Its work is guided by the universal and transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, along with a set of 17 integrated Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. UN/DESAs work addresses a range of cross- cutting issues that affect peoples lives and livelihoods, such as social policy, poverty eradication, employment, social inclusion, inequalities, population, indigenous rights, macroeconomic policy, development finance and cooperation, public sector innovation, forest policy, climate change and sustainable development. To this end, UN/DESA: analyses, generates and compiles a wide range of data and information on development issues; brings together the international community at conferences and summits to address economic and social challenges; supports the formulation of development policies, global standards and norms; supports the implementation of international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; and assists States in meeting their development challenges through a variety of capacity development initiatives. In carrying out its work, UN/DESA engages with a variety of stakeholders around the worldnon-governmental organizations, civil society, the private sector, research and academic organizations, philanthropic foundations and intergovernmental organizationsas well as partner organizations in the United Nations system. For more information, visit un/development/desa. United Nations publication Sales No. E.18.II.C.1 Copyright United Nations, 2018 All rights reserved E/2018/50/Rev.1 ST/ESA/370 ISBN 978-92-1-109179-3 eISBN 978-92-1-047224-1iii Acknowledgements The World Economic and Social Survey is the flagship publication on major development issues prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA). Under the general guidance of Liu Zhenmin, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs at UN/DESA, and the management of Pingfan Hong, Director, Economic Analysis and Policy Division (EAPD), the Survey 2018 was produced by a team led by Hamid Rashid, Chief, Development Research Branch in EAPD. Core members of the team included Hoi Wai (Jackie) Cheng, Nicole Hunt, S. Nazrul Islam, Kenneth Iversen, Alex Julca, Hiroshi Kawamura, Marcelo LaFleur, Mariangela Parra- Lancourt and Srgio Vieira. Critical overall feedback was provided by Elliott Harris, Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development at UN/DESA. Mohamed El Batran, Marilia Bassetti Marcato and Joshua Mask provided substantive support to the production process. Israel Machado and the Dag Hammarskjld Library facilitated access to reference documents. Administrative support was provided by Gerard F. Reyes. Substantive contributions in the form of background papers were made by Tatiana Falco, Alexander Haider, Jenna Jambeck, Anselm Kamperman Sanders, Cara LaPointe, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth. Comments and inputs at various stages were provided by members of the Editorial Board at UN/DESA and colleaguesparticularly the focal pointsfrom other Divisions within UN/DESA, the United Nations Department of Management/Office of Information Communication Technology, the United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the United Nations Development Programme. The following participants at two Expert Group Meetings provided valuable comments: Diana Alarcn, Abdul Alim, Americo Beviglia Zampetti, Matthias Bruckner, Kate Crawford, Ekkehard Ernst, Chiara Farronato, Victor Gaigbe-Togbe, Kevin Gallagher, Lambert Hogenhout, Alfredo Jefferson, Lars Jensen, Maren Andrea Jimnez, Raymond Landveld, Keun Lee, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Manuel Montes, Shantanu Mukherjee, Clara Oberthr, Alberto Padova, Jonathan Perry, Micha Podolski, Aikanysh Saparalieva, Benson Soon Seng Sim, Maurice Stucke, Arun Sundararajan, Deniz Susar, Joop Theunissen, Ryosuke Ujihashi, Lisanne van Wijngaarden, Henry Wei and Fang Zhang. Editorial and design input at the various stages of the publication process were provided by Michael Brodsky, Leah Kennedy, Gabe Scelta, Nancy Settecasi and the Branding and Graphic Design Unit in the Department of Public Information.iv World Economic and Social Survey 2018 Explanatory notes The following symbols have been used in the tables throughout the report: . Two dots indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. A dash indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. - A hyphen indicates that the item is not applicable. A minus sign indicates deficit or decrease, except as indicated. . A full stop is used to indicate decimals. / A slash between years indicates a crop year or financial year, for example, 2017/18. - Use of a hyphen between years, for example, 2017-2018, signifies the full period involved, including the beginning and end years. Reference to “ dollars” ($) indicates United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Reference to “billions” indicates one thousand million. Reference to “tons” indicates metric tons, unless otherwise stated. Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound rates. Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals, because of rounding. The following abbreviations have been used: LDC least developed country LLDC landlocked developing country MOOC massive online open course NIS national innovation system OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PDP plant-derived pharmaceutical R&D research and development RETs renewable energy technologies RTA regional trade agreement SDG Sustainable Development Goal SIDS small island developing States STEM science, technology, engineering and mathematics TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UIS Institute for Statistics (UNESCO) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UN/DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization AI artificial intelligence BEPS base erosion and profit shifting CO 2 carbon dioxide EU European Union EV electric vehicle FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI foreign direct investment GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GPS Global Positioning System GVC global value chain GWP global warming potential ICT information and communications technologies IEA International Energy Agency IIA international investment agreement ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPR intellectual property rightsv Developed economies (developed market economies): Australia, Canada, European Union, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, United States of America. Group of Eight (G8): Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America. Group of Twenty (G20): Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Rus- sian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, European Union. European Union (EU): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. EU-15: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. New EU member States: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia. Economies in transition: South-Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, 1 Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authori- ties, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The term “country” as used in the text of this report also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The designations of country groups in the text and the tables are intended solely for statistical or analytical conve- nience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of the names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. For analytical purposes, unless otherwise specified, the following country groupings and subgroupings have been used: 1 As of 19 August 2009, Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, its performance is discussed in the context of this group of countries for reasons of geographical proximity and similarities in economic structure. Developing economies: Africa, Asia and the Pacific (excluding Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the member States of CIS in Asia), Latin America and the Caribbean. Subgroupings of Africa: Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia. Sub-Saharan Africa: All other African countries, except Nigeria and South Africa, where indicated. Subgroupings of Asia and the Pacific: Western Asia: Bahrain, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of ), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. East Asia: All other developing economies in Asia and the Pacific. Subgroupings of Latin America and the Caribbean: South America: Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of ), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ). Mexico and Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama. Caribbean: Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago.vi World Economic and Social Survey 2018 Least developed countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia. Small island developing States and areas: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, French Polynesia, Grenada, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia (Federated States of ), Montserrat, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Timor- Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, United States Virgin Islands, Vanuatu. Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Annex I parties: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Fin- land, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America. Annex II parties: Annex II parties are the parties included in Annex I that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development but not the parties included in Annex I that are economies in transition. Non-Annex I parties: Non-Annex I parties are mainly developing countries. Certain groups of developing countries are recognized by the Convention as being especially vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, including countries with low-lying coastal areas and those prone to deserti- fication and drought. Others (such as countries that rely heavily on income from fossil fuel production and com- merce) experience greater vulnerability to the potential economic impacts of climate change response measures. The Convention emphasizes activities that promise to respond to the special needs and concerns of those vulnerable countries, such as investment, insurance and technology transfer. The 48 parties classified as least developed countries by the United Nations are given special consideration under the Convention on account of their limited capacity to respond to climate change and adapt to its adverse ef- fects. Parties are urged to take full account of the special situation of least developed countries when considering funding and technology transfer activities.vii Sustainable Development Goals Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote wel