土地可以做更多：保护和发展的综合方法（英文版）.pdf

Lands can do more An integrated approach to conservation and development nature/globalThe Nature Conservancy - Lands Discussing prescribed burns to restore natural grasslands, Cuatro Cienegas valley, Mexico Mark GodfreyChapter structure How lands can do more THE WHY THE HOW THE WHAT 3 1. THE CHALLENGE Understanding development risk and planetary boundaries. 3. OUR PERSPECTIVE Making conservation a central part of smart development strategies. 5. MULTIPLE STRATEGIES DEPLOYED IN UNISON T ackling ecological, economic and social challenges in an integrated way: Infrastructure: driving better development decisions Indigenous peoples and communities: advancing community-led conservation and development W orking lands: promoting sustainable practices in agriculture and forestry Natural climate solutions: protecting, improving and restoring landscapes 6. STRATEGIES IN ACTION Enhancing a variety of ecosystems around the world where strategies come together: Par State, Brazil Emerald Edge, North America Mongolia East Kalimantan, Indonesia Northern Rangelands, Kenya 2. MEETING THOSE PRESSURES Doing more to unlock land conservation and green growth on a global scale. 4. AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH Applying science to conservation and development activities. The Nature Conservancy - Lands FOREWORD Our lands have sustained us over millennia. W e live on the land; we get most of our food from the land; we take energy from the land; its where we build our cities, our culture, and our way of life. All of which, ultimately, depend on nature. Natures role is often overlooked. W e take for granted the healthy soils needed to grow food, the forests that clean our air and regulate the climate, and the supplies of water that sustain all life. Biodiversity is not just a pretty picture: it is critical for all our food chains, crop survivaland is even the basis of many drugs that help us stay healthy. However, development pressures are intense: to provide the food, fiber and fuel for a growing and increasingly affluent population. The pace and scale of development is so great that conservation projects alone cannot provide the answer to how we preserve and protect our essential resources. Nature must be an integral part of the development discussion. All of these pressures are created by our species. W e are not the only inhabitants on this planet, but it is indisputable that we are having the most impact. This means that we face choicesevery day, every year, and every decadeabout how to survive, how to live well, and how to sustain life for the longer term. While our lands already do a lot for us, they can do more. This report looks at how society can make different choices about we how use our lands. W e can simply continue to expand the amount of land we convert and usewhether forests, grasslands or wetlands. This is the business-as-usual paradigm. Or we can look at the trade-offs between environment and development in a different way, using science to inform where conservation and development can work in harmony and help us to make better decisionsto help our lands do more. W e have enough land for all our production needs and to conserve nature to enable it to do its part. The choices we make in the next generation or two will determine whether our lands will continue to sustain us over millennia to come. The consequences of the decisions and choices we make could not be more important. W e can create a new paradigm. Justin Adams, Global Managing Director, Lands The Nature Conservancy Working in 50 state chapters in the US and 35 countries around the world Conservation of more than 50 million hectares over 60 years More than 3,500 employees, 600 scientists and 1 million membersOther countries where The Nature Conservancy is working through RAFT (Responsible Asia Forestry and Trade) 5 COUNTRIES WHERE THE NATURE CONSERVANCY IS WORKING, DIRECTLY OR WITH PARTNERS Countries where The Nature Conservancy is working KEYThe Nature Conservancy - Lands LAND CONSERVATION AT AN UNPRECEDENTED SCALE Transforming how land is developed, used and conserved has never been more urgent. The impacts of a changing climate coupled with the need to double production of food, fiber and fuel by mid-century will place unprecedented pressure on our forests, our grasslands, our wetlands on all our natural resources. W e are seeing more headlines than ever about the nexus of food, water and energy, and about poverty, climate change and risk. It has become a familiar story and the projections are well-documented. The challenge The Why Looming threats to natural lands from agriculture, mining and infrastructure with approximately one-fifth of the worlds land at risk of future development 6 LAND 20% of worlds land at risk by 2050 Continued global warmingwith the need to limit temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius to avoid or mitigate the most damaging impacts of climate change 5 CLIMATE 2 degrees T errestrial biodiversity is projected to decrease further by 2050. Scientists point to a mass extinction underway due to human activity, with species extinction rates 100 to 1,000 times higher than the natural rate 4 BIODIVERSITY 100 to 1000 times higher extinction rates PEOPLE 9 billion by 2050 Population growththere will be more than nine billion people on Earth by 2050 1 Growing demand for food, fiber and fuel 70% increase in agricultural production required to feed population in 2050 2FOOD/FIBER/FUEL 70% increase in agricultural production The OECD estimates a global infrastructure gap of $70 trillion by 2030 3 INFRASTRUCTURE $70 trillion gap by 2030 Unprecedented pressure on natural resourcesfor example, water scarcity is increasing, with nearly 4 billion people projected to be living in areas affected by severe water stress by 2030 7 WATER 4 billion people water stressed CHALLENGES PLANETARY BOUNDARIESThese pressures are creating physical challenges that endanger the rich biodiversity of our planet. They also threaten our values and pose risks to people, particularly many communities that depend on land for their livelihoods. Sustainable development requires smarter integrated approaches than we have used till now, applied at a much greater scale. This can be done today like no time in the past. Science is enabling us to better understand landscape values and to model threats and potential solutions. In turn, public policy in many parts of the world and resource-intensive sectors are increasingly taking account of the value of nature and the services it provides to us. The Nature Conservancy has its roots in land conservation. To meet the challenges we face today, our efforts on the ground have evolved to be larger in scale, system-wide and comprise multiple strategies, best deployed in unison. W e are striving to fully evaluate the risks and challenges, and to develop appropriate solutions that promote inclusive green growth, ensure a continued flow of ecosystem services, help to stabilize our climate and meet food security needs. Our strategies summarized here are in action now around the worldand are described in more detail in the case studies within this document. 7 Protecting a wildlife corridor through the Tehachapi range, California, US Ian ShiveThe Nature Conservancy - Lands UNDERSTANDING THE RISKS In 2015, The Nature Conservancy, in partnership with the University of Minnesota Institute on the Environment and the Department of Geography at McGill University, published a new analysis of development risksa complete global look at the impact that growth will have on the land we depend on. This global development risk assessment maps and estimates potential combined threats to natural land and identifies the most at-risk regions worldwide for habitat conversion. The bottom line is that 20% of the worlds natural lands could be developed by just the middle of this century. To put this in perspective, this could potentially affect an area of some 19.68 million km 2 larger than the size of Russia. Furthermore, only 5% of the natural lands assessed as being at high risk of development around the world are under strict legal protection.Our planet is the one and only home we have. T o meet both development and conservation goals, we must find a balanced approach The amount of natural land converted to working land in South America is expected to double. In Africa, its set to triple. 8 Only 5% of natural lands considered to be at the highest risk for development are under strict legal protection today. 9 38% of the worlds terrestrial area is farmland, including crops and pasture. Forest designated for production is another 9%. 10 85% of our increase in energy demand over the next 25 years will happen in developing countries on lands with high conservation value.11 With the projected population risesand associated increases in prosperity and demanddevelopment will occur, including agricultural production, fossil fuel exploitation, mining, the development of renewable energy, other infrastructure development, and urbanization. These activities will fuel economic growth and deliver better living conditions for many, but the impacts on communities and the environment could be significant. While it is important to protect some irreplaceable or high-value ecosystems from any development, the aim is to ensure the long-term health of landscape through various measures and actions that protect available land. KEY High Moderate Low Negligible GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT RISK ASSESSMENT The study projects and aggregates global spatial patterns of expected urban and agricultural expansion, conventional and unconventional oil and gas, coal, solar, wind, biofuels and mining development. 9 Marsh grasslands and mangrove forest, Mississippi River delta and river channel below New Orleans, Louisiana, US Bridget BesawThe Nature Conservancy - Lands Solutions need to be developed for landscapes identified as being at risk before conflicts between proposed development and natural resources occur, or to reduce or avoid conflict altogether. By actively identifying potential conflicts, we can help guide siting and advance policies and practices that lower the risks and costs and result in more sustainable development. 20% of the worlds natural lands are at risk of development by 2050 The risk of land conversion follows existing patterns of development with the three most converted regions alreadyCentral America, Europe and South Asiaremaining the most converted after accounting for future development risk. In contrast, Africa and South America, which are currently among the least converted regions, have the highest amount of potential development risk. When development risk is accounted for, the amount of converted lands could approximately double for South America and triple for Africa. A view from a mountain top above the camp where Chinnghis Khan was proclaimed the Khan, in Khan Khentii Protected Area, Mongolia Nick Hall11 5% only 5% of natural lands at the highest risk of development are under protection today In many locations, the effects of development are considered only on a project-by-project basis and therefore fail to account for cumulative environmental and social impacts. However, there is an opportunity to create a new global model for developmentone that combines social, economic and environmental goals. Strategic land use that anticipates conflicts and impacts will allow the world to benefit from growth while maintaining healthy natural systems and thriving communities. Landscape-level mitigation planning is needed to help optimize development objectives and conservation goals, using science-based scenario modeling and community engagement to deliver the landscapes we want and need. The contrast between overgrazed and sustainable grazing within the Ol Pejeta Wildlife Conservancy in northern Kenya Suzi EszterhasThe Nature Conservancy - Lands GOING BEYOND PROTECTION Protecting land is where The Nature Conservancy story began. It is our legacy and our future. Our mission guides us to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Since our foundation, we have gained on-the-ground expertise from our 50 state chapters in the US and field presence in more than 35 countries around the world. W e work with partners ranging from private landowners to multinational corporations to indigenous tribes, and to date, we have helped to protect 50 million hectares across the globe and countless species of wildlife. Place-based conservation is our heritage and continues as a cornerstone of our work. However, protection alone is insufficient. The decades ahead will see hard-earned conservation gains erode unless we stabilize the climate and find better ways of meeting increasing demands for energy, food and other resources. To be successful, we must amplify our protection, restoration and management efforts. One strategy that has been successful for The Nature Conservancy is land acquisition. In the US, the Conservancy has helped protect around 8 million hectares; within that number, we currently own nearly 1 million hectares and hold almost 1.5 million hectares in conservation easements. Outside the US, the Conservancy does not generally acquire land for its own protection but instead works with local communities and national governments to encourage the protection of ecologically sensitive land. These strategies are a continuing focus for the Conservancy. In 2015, we completed the W estern Checkerboard Deal in the USunder which 665 square kilometres of forests, rivers and wildlife habitat in W ashington and Montana will be conserved. Through our impact investing arm, NatureVest, the Conservancy used interim financing to acquire the lands, stitching together these important migratory corridors that link up through Canada. Conservation agenda The Why Goat-herding on the grasslands of Eastern Mongolias Tosonhulstai Nature Reserve Nick Hall13 In Kenya, The Nature Conservancy donors provided $9 million to transfer a 23,000-hectare private property in northern Kenya into the holding of a newly formed conservation trust. This transaction maintains an important wildlife corridor for elephants, protects habitat for 260 bird and 57 mammal species, and secures some 200 jobs and supports schools, health clinics and sustainable grazing options. Transforming how land is developed, used and conserved has never been more urgent A cable bridge crosses the Ro Tsqui River in La Amistad International Park, Costa Rica Ami Vitale WE MUST DO MORE More to protect critically important habitats and to address the needs of those who depend on them More to transform how we use working lands such as farms, ranches and forests