2019年全球宜居城市排行榜.pdf

A report by The Economist Intelligence Unit The Global Liveability Index 2019 A free overviewThe world leader in global business intelligence The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group, the sister company to The Economist newspaper. Created in 1946, we have over 70 years experience in helping businesses, financial firms and governments to understand how the world is changing and how that creates opportunities to be seized and risks to be managed. Given that many of the issues facing the world have an international (if not global) dimension, The EIU is ideally positioned to be commentator, interpreter and forecaster on the phenomenon of globalisation as it gathers pace and impact. EIU subscription services The worlds leading organisations rely on our subscription services for data, analysis and forecasts to keep them informed about what is happening around the world. 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Find out more at: eiu/ healthcare Public Policy: Trusted by the sectors most influential stakeholders, our global public policy practice provides evidence- based research for policy-makers and stakeholders seeking clear and measurable outcomes. Find out more at: eiu/ publicpolicy The Economist Corporate Network The Economist Corporate Network (ECN) is The Economist Groups advisory service for organisational leaders seeking to better understand the economic and business environments of global markets. Delivering independent, thought-provoking content, ECN provides clients with the knowledge, insight, and interaction that support better-informed strategies and decisions. The Network is part of The Economist Intelligence Unit and is led by experts with in-depth understanding of the geographies and markets they oversee. The Networks membership-based operations cover Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa. Through a distinctive blend of interactive conferences, specially designed events, C-suite discussions, member briefings, and high-calibre research, The Economist Corporate Network delivers a range of macro (global, regional, national, and territorial) as well as industry-focused analysis on prevailing conditions and forecast trends.THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2019 A FREE OVERVIEW The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2019 1 The findings of the latest liveability survey 2 Vienna remains the most liveable city in the world, just ahead of Melbourne 2 About The Economist Intelligence Units liveability survey 5 How the rating works 5 The suggested liveability scale 5 How the rating is calculated 5 ContentsTHE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2019 A FREE OVERVIEW The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2019 2 Vienna remains the most liveable city in the world, just ahead of Melbourne Vienna remains the most liveable of the 140 cities surveyed by The Economist Intelligence Unit. After displacing Melbourne from the top spot in 2018, ending a record run of seven consecutive years, Vienna retained its position at the head of the survey in 2019. The two cities continue to be separated by 0.7 percentage points, with Vienna scoring 99.1 out of 100 and Melbourne 98.4. Two other Australian cities feature in the top ten: Sydney (in third) and Adelaide (tenth), while only one other European city, Copenhagen in Denmark (ninth), scores among the best. The other top- ranked cities are split between Japan (Osaka in fourth and Tokyo in joint seventh) and Canada (Calgary in fifth, and Vancouver and Toronto in sixth and joint seventh, respectively). The cities within the top ten remain unchanged from our previous update, but there has been some movement in their ranking. Sydney has risen from fifth to third, thanks to an improvement in its culture and environment score, reflecting an increased focus on combating and mitigating the impacts of climate change, as outlined by the citys “Sustainable Sydney 2030” strategy. However, Sydney remains behind its great rival, Melbourne. With both cities already scoring very highly across all categories, there is only limited potential for Sydney to displace either Melbourne or Vienna at the top of the rankings. No other city in the top ten saw a change to its score. Over the past year we have observed that average scores for stability have risen, reflecting, in very general terms, a slight diminishing of the perceived threat of terrorism, after a period of acute concern. Some of these improvements have been considerable but from a very low base (such as Tripoli in Libya and Jakarta in Indonesia), while others have seen smaller improvements to already acceptable scores (such as Seattle and Houston in the US, and Seoul in South Korea). Paris in France is the highest ranked city to have seen a deterioration in its stability score, owing to the ongoing anti-government gilets jaunes protests that began in late 2018. In the emerging world, the Easter Sunday bombings in Sri Lanka triggered a downgrade for Colombo, while the growing instability between the US and Iran was behind a reduction in the stability score for Tehran. Among the other categories, a deterioration in culture and environment scores is of concern. A slew of cities in emerging markets that are among the most exposed to the effects of climate change have seen their scores downgraded. These include New Delhi in India, which suffers from appalling air quality, Cairo in Egypt (where air quality is also a major issue) and Dhaka in Bangladesh. A lack of a concerted global effort to tackle climate change risks further downward revisions in these scores, threatening to offset improvements in the other categories, such as education and infrastructure, which remain on a broadly upward trend. Despite the risk to future scores posed by climate change, a longer-term view suggests that overall liveability has been improving in recent years. In our sample of global cities, the average liveability score has increased by 0.5 percentage points, to just under 76, over the past five years, driven primarily by higher scores in the stability category. Devastating terrorist attacks in New Zealand and Sri Lanka in the past year are a reminder that threats to security are still apparent, but perceptions of the danger posed by terrorism have diminished in recent years. The findings of the latest liveability survey THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2019 A FREE OVERVIEW The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2019 3 Among the 56 cities that have registered improvements to their overall liveability rankings over the past five years, four cities stand out. Abidjan in Cte dIvoire, Hanoi in Vietnam, Kiev in Ukraine and Belgrade in Serbia have seen increases of 5 percentage points or more. In the last 12 months Belgrade has jumped further up the index, from 82nd place to 77th, as a result of upgrades to its infrastructure and healthcare scores; it is now mid-ranked among cities in Eastern Europe. Hanoi has seen improvements almost across the board this year, with higher stability, culture, education and infrastructure scores. However, in a diverse region, it remains in the bottom third of Asian cities. Following largely peaceful and democratic presidential and parliamentary elections in Ukraine in 2019, we have upgraded Kievs stability rating relative to a year ago, enabling a small rise in its ranking; however, the legacy impact of the citys previously low stability scores (due to the ongoing conflict with Russian-backed rebels in eastern Ukraine) continues to weigh on Kievs overall ranking. Finally, Abidjans upward trajectory has stalled in the past year, but Cte dIvoires diversifying economy and strengthening governance have driven upgrades in previous years. Conflict and economic crisis define the cities that have struggled in our index over the past year. We have downgraded scores in four of the five categories for Caracas in Venezuela, as the governments fight for legitimacy has impeded its ability to provide basic services for its citizens. Its stability score has not moved, but only because it was very low a year ago. The effect has been to pull the city down another five places in the index, to 131st place. New Delhi has also fallen down the index because of downgrades not just to its culture and environment score, but also stability, owing to rising crime rates. Detroit in the US is another city that continues to struggle, with major depopulation and urban decay resulting in a high incidence of crime, a collapse in local government tax revenue, swathes of vacant homes and inadequate infrastructure. Overall, our index remains dominated by medium-sized cities in wealthy countries. These cities have well-funded public healthcare systems, compulsory and high-quality education, and functional road and rail infrastructure. The provision of these services is assisted by the presence of fully democratic electoral systems and generally low levels of corruption. The presence of Tokyo in the top ten demonstrates that it is possible to scale up these characteristics, but maintaining these levels of performance in cities with two, three or four times as many people is challenging, especially when such cities also tend to be greater magnets for crime and terrorism. This is why other large “global” cities in advanced economies, such as London and New York, score lower than Vienna and Melbourne (and Tokyo) for stability and infrastructure but are able to match (or exceed) them for culture and environment. We note the continued gradual improvement of cities in emerging markets in infrastructure, education and healthcare, as well as, in many cases, stability. However, these gains appear to be coming under threat from the effects of climate change, which in the index is reflected in the culture and environment category. The incidence of extreme weather events, such as flooding and heatwaves, is rising around the world, and cities in emerging markets are often the most directly affected and the least resilient. That said, we see climate change as a global phenomenon, which threatens the liveability of cities at the very top of the index too. Only a co-ordinated global effort to limit the rising temperature of the planet will succeed in maintaining current levels of liveability across the world.THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2019 A FREE OVERVIEW The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2019 4 The ten least liveable cities Country City Rank Overall Rating (100=ideal) Stability Healthcare Culture & Environment Education Infrastructure Venezuela Caracas 131 46.9 35 33.3 56.3 66.7 53.6 Algeria Algiers 132 44.1 50 45.8 45.4 50 30.4 Cameroon Douala 133 44 60 25 48.4 33.3 42.9 Zimbabwe Harare 134 42.6 40 20.8 58.6 66.7 35.7 PNG Port Moresby 135 41 30 37.5 47 50 46.4 Pakistan Karachi 136 40.9 20 45.8 38.7 66.7 51.8 Libya Tripoli 137 40.4 35 41.7 40.3 50 41.1 Bangladesh Dhaka 138 39.2 55 29.2 40.5 41.7 26.8 Nigeria Lagos 139 38.5 20 37.5 53.5 33.3 46.4 Syria Damascus 140 30.7 20 29.2 40.5 33.3 32.1 Five biggest improvers (last five years) City Country Rank (out of 140) Overall rating (100=ideal) Five-year movement Moscow Russia 68 80 4.9 Belgrade Serbia 77 74.5 6.4 Hanoi Vietnam 107 59.7 5.5 Kiev Ukraine 117 56.6 5.2 Abidjan Cte dIvoire 123 52.2 6.3 Five biggest decliners (last five years) City Country Rank (out of 140) Overall rating (100=ideal) Five-year movement Detroit US 56 86.3 -4.4 Asuncin Paraguay 99 65.6 -3.2 Tunis Tunisia 106 59.8 -2.8 Caracas Venezuela 131 46.9 -4.4 Tripoli Libya 137 40.4 -3.8 The ten most liveable cities Country City Rank Overall Rating (100=ideal) Stability Healthcare Culture & Environment Education Infrastructure Austria Vienna 1 99.1 100 100 96.3 100 100 Australia Melbourne 2 98.4 95 100 98.6 100 100 Australia Sydney 3 98.1 95 100 97.2 100 100 Japan Osaka 4 97.7 100 100 93.5 100 96.4 Canada Calgary 5 97.5 100 100 90 100 100 Canada Vancouver 6 97.3 95 100 100 100 92.9 Canada Toronto 7 97.2 100 100 97.2 100 89.3 Japan Tokyo 7 97.2 100 100 94.4 100 92.9 Denmark Copenhagen 9 96.8 95 95.8 95.4 100 100 Australia Adelaide 10 96.6 95 100 94.2 100 96.4THE GLOBAL LIVEABILITY INDEX 2019 A FREE OVERVIEW The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2019 5 About The Economist Intelligence Units liveability survey How the rating works The concept of liveability is simple: it assesses which locations around the world provide the best or the worst living conditions. Assessing liveability has a broad range of uses, from benchmarking perceptions of development levels to assigning a hardship allowance as part of expatriate relocation packages. Our liveability rating quantifies the challenges that might be presented to an individuals lifestyle in any given location, and allows for direct comparison between locations. Every city is assigned a rating of relative comfort for over 30 qualitative and quantitative factors across five broad categories: stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure. Each factor in a city is rated as acceptable, tolerable, uncomfortable, undesirable or intolerable. For qualitative indicators, a rating is awarded based on the judgment of in-house analysts and in-city contributors. For quantitative indicators, a rating is calculated based on the relative performance of a number of external data points. The scores are then compiled and weighted to provide a score of 1100, where 1 is considered intolerable and 100 is considered ideal. The liveability rating is provided both as an overall score and as a score for each category. To provide points of reference, the score is also given for each category relative to New York and an overall position in the ranking of 140 cities is provided. The suggested liveability scale Companies pay a premium (usually a percentage of a salary) to employees who move to cities where living conditions are particularly difficult and there is excessive physical hardship or a notably unhealthy enviro