GWEC：2022年全球风能报告（EN）_158页_14mb.pdf

3GLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILSOUTH EAST ASIAGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILSOUTH EAST ASIA TASK FORCELATIN AMERICA WORK FORCEOFFSHORE WIND TASK FORCEGLOBAL WIND ENERGY COUNCILGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILOFFSHOREGLOBALWIND ENERGYCOUNCILLATAMGWEC | GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2022 GWEC GWECAssociate SponsorsSupporting SponsorLeading Sponsor 1Forewords 2Executive summary 7Wind energy: The next era of growth 15Part One: System Design 21Part Two: Society 43Part Three: Supply Chain 57Part Four: System Technology 67Part Five: Infrastructure 79Part Six: Workforce 89Market status 202 1 101Markets to Watch 113 Vietnam 114 The Philippines 117 China 119 India 124 Brazil 127 Colombia 129 South Africa 131 Egypt 134 Exploring New Markets: Onshore Wind 137 Exploring New Markets: Offshore Wind 138Market outlook 2022-2026 139Appendix 14 7Methodology and terminology 14 8Global Leaders 152Table of ContentsGlobal Wind Energy CouncilRue de Commerce 31 1000 Brussels, Belgium Lead Authors Joyce Lee, Feng ZhaoContributors and editing by Ben Backwell, Emerson Clarke, Rebecca Williams, Wanliang Liang, Anjali Lathigara, Esther Fang, Reshmi Ladwa, Marcela Ruas, Wangari Muchiri, Ramn Fiestas, Liming Qiao, Mark Hutchinson, Thang Vinh Bui, Lisias AbreuValuable review and commentary for this report was received from: Dan Wetzel (IEA) Dolf Gielen, Roland Roesch, Michael Renner, Celia Garca-Baos (IRENA) Nils Askr-Hune, Emil Damgaard Grann (rsted) Jon Lezamiz, Song Cheng, Carolina Clemente, Fergus Costello, Aidan Cronin (Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy)Published4 April 2022Designlemonbox .lemonbox.co.ukGLOBAL WIND ENERGY COUNCILGWEC | GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2022GWEC 2More than ever action cannot be delayed if we want to deliver the necessary wind capacity to reach climate objectives on time. As was made clear at the Glasgow Climate Summit, there is broad consensus on the urgency of promoting rapid and effective decarbonization. Electrification with renewables should act as a lever for global change as the most cost-efficient way to decarbonise the economy .The latest geopolitical events have put a spotlight on the urgent need to reinforce security of supply , reduce energy dependency and shield against market disruptions caused by high prices. Again, this can only be achieved with a massive deployment of renewables. There is a clear understanding on the role of wind in the race to reach the Paris Agreement goal of 1.5C global warming. GWEC is playing an important role in supporting the development of the wind industry around the world, and this report shows we are moving in the right direction, but there is still a way to go to reach the path of zero-carbon. I firmly believe that the transition to a carbon-neutral economy by 2050 is technologically possible, economically feasible and socially necessary . The decarbonisation of the economy is a tremendous opportunity to create wealth, generate employment and improve both the condition of the planet and peoples health.As is already well known at this point, wind is a key and strategic part of the mix to achieve a green economy . 2021 was a record year for the industry , but we need to keep moving at pace. The new report of the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the Earth is already 1.1C warmer than before industrialisation. Our response to this is still not enough; we need to push harder to achieve the goals on time.We have always believed strongly in wind and committed to leading this part of the energy transition. Two decades ago, we were a pioneer in onshore wind energy . We have invested 120 billion in the energy transition since then, and now we are also pioneers in offshore wind. During 2021, offshore wind energy has established itself as one of our companys major growth drivers. The wind industry is doing its part, ready and committed to step up, however permitting is the main roadblock hindering our progress. Policy barriers must be lifted. Overcoming permitting bottlenecks should be a priority by all countries and policymakers.A massive deployment of renewables requires huge levels of investments and this requires clear and stable regulatory frameworks. Any unexpected changes on rules causes uncertainty and will result in a reduction in the appetite to ForewordsXabier Viteri SolaunManaging Director, Iberdrola RenewablesThe decarbonisation of the economy is a tremendous opportunity to create wealth, generate employment and improve both the condition of the planet and peoples health.GWEC | GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2022 3deploy new renewable capacity . Policy is critical for the industry and needs to be consistent and progressive in its thinking.It is also paramount to create an environment that boosts innovation to be able to harness every opportunity to unlock the full potential of wind. Technology improvements will be one of the main enablers of the energy transition. One of the key game-changers is floating offshore wind, which is ready to take off and will soon bring wind technology to dozens of new sea basins. Together with innovation in supply , optimal grid planning and dimensioning is crucial. Investments should also be directed towards smart grids, transmission and distribution networks, as well as in energy storage, essential infrastructures for the integration of the energy in the system and bringing renewable energy to users. Last but certainly not least, we must also work on building a strong and sustainable supply chain that will give the industry a robust platform to support expansion and the high production volumes required. Some regions are promoting local and regional supply chain hubs, sometimes linked to new opportunities at technological level. These initiatives would reduce geopolitical risk and improve energy security , as well as creating new green jobs and economic growth for those regions. This is the core that underpins the industry , and it is of extreme importance to strengthen every link of the chain, from design, to manufacturing to equipment.Iberdrola Group seeks to create economic, social and environmental value in all its markets, and we operate with a more sustainable future in mind. Ensuring a strong co-existence with local communities and other wind power interests should remain one of the top priorities for our industry . Our desire is to promote this new model in partnership with all the players involved in the sector, so that society as a whole can share in its benefits.A holistic approach is of the essence. The goals are shared and clear. Now , it is time to work together as an industry and focus our efforts in the same direction.ForewordsGWEC 4If the global journey to meeting the Paris Agreement were a mountain to climb, the past months have shown that there is increasingly difficult terrain to navigate before we reach the summit. Although political momentum to accelerate the energy transition increased over 2021, we see short-term market stagnation instead of growing markets. Permitting bottlenecks around the world are still limiting the build-up of a net-zero compatible project pipeline. And while auctions incentivise decreasing bid levels, the wind industry needs to cope with skyrocketing raw material and transport prices, supply chain disruptions and protectionist trade measures, leaving wind turbine manufacturers and their supply chain squeezed up- and downstream.By removing permitting bottlenecks, drastically scaling up renewable energy build-out, expanding power grids and incentivising flexibility solutions on the supply and demand side (e.g. storage, demand-side management), governments will reap another, often overlooked, benefit of the energy transition: enhanced energy security . Wind and sunshine dont cost anything, and nations that embrace renewables as the backbone of their energy systems will be protected from the price swings of volatile fossil fuels.Energy security has become a critical issue alongside the climate crisis. Energy systems built on the foundation of wind and solar are not only critical to cut greenhouse gas emissions, they are necessary to ensure our resilience against the heightening volatility around fossil fuels, and to the uncertainty stirred by geopolitical conflicts. As these uncertainties become more complex, governments around the world would be advised to respond by accelerating the energy transition and not by slowing it down, thereby increasing planetary and societal return on investment.To unlock wind energys next era of growth, GWECs role is becoming more important than ever. Our growing industry alliance across GWEC will be an asset in driving progress.With wind and solar delivering 9% and 3% of our worlds electricity , and electricity making up just 20% of global total final energy consumption, the challenge ahead of us is significant - but so are the opportunities. Lets embrace these. Lets partner with stakeholders across the global energy system to unlock the value creation of the clean energy transition. Lets step up our involvement in key topics such as removing permitting bottlenecks, resilient supply chains, market re-design, power system flexibility and electrification. And lets continue to deliver on our sustainability ambitions. Seizing these engagement opportunities is the only way to ensure we are building a brighter future for generations to come.At GWEC, we are committed to supporting our industry through the imminent obstacles, and ensuring we are ready for the prosperous future ahead. I look forward to this transformation. Word from the ChairmanMorten DyrholmChairman, Global Wind Energy CouncilForewordsGWEC | GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2022 5Taking decisive action to put the energy transition on track and ensure energy securityWelcome to the Global Wind Report 2022. As I write this foreword, the world is facing an unprecedented challenge to energy security and the vital goals of achieving climate targets and averting dangerous global heating.The current global power crisis has revealed the continued dangers of depending on fossil fuels for our energy supply , while the brutal Russian invasion of Ukraine has seen entire countries held hostage to energy supply , used once again as a tool to achieve geopolitical aims.Economies and consumers have been left exposed to record high power and fuel prices, while at the same time, 2021 saw a historic high in global CO2 emissions, putting the goals of the Paris Agreement at risk.As the Global Wind Report shows, 2022 was another big year for wind installations and particularly for the fast-growing offshore wind sector, with a total of 94 GW of wind installed around the world 21 GW in offshore.However, despite progress in policy commitments and the hopeful messages from the worlds governments at COP26 many of whom met with GWEC in Glasgow we need to be honest: We are not currently on-track to meet the objectives of net zero by 2050 or the aims of the Paris Agreement. For wind energy alone, we should be installing four times the current level of annual installations to stay on a net zero pathway . There is strong appetite from both the public and business to move decisively , but governments are simply not acting fast or effectively enough. While Russias invasion of Ukraine has exposed the starkest challenges of energy security and fossil fuel dependence, the energy crisis is global. Global coal and gas prices rose sharply throughout 2021, leading to massive price spikes and even industry shutdowns across Asia and Europe. The resulting high power prices impacted economic growth and living standards across the entire world.It is clearer by the day that we are witnessing a colossal policy and market failure in terms of providing the necessary investment signals for the energy transition. Fossil fuel companies, including coal producers, are seeing record profits ultimately paid for by consumers while renewable energy companies struggle to break even or invest in new capacity . All of this makes a mockery of the collective international action promised at COP26. The only permanent fix for the three related problems of energy security , climate change and affordability is a determined and accelerated effort to carry out the energy transition and move away from fossil fuels to renewables. Policymakers have been both too slow and too hesitant in carrying out the transition, leading to what the IEA and others have referred to as a “disorderly transition, ” where the world is exposed to extreme fossil fuel volatility .Welcome to the Global Wind Report 2022Ben BackwellCEO, Global Wind Energy CouncilForewordsGWEC 6Unfortunately , the effects of the current crisis will be with us for several years at least. However, we can take decisive actions now that will immediately improve the situation, while avoiding policy decisions which further lock us into fossil fuel dependency and risk even worse crises in the future. Taking urgent action to accelerate the deployment of renewables will start to ease economic pain, lower costs and put us on a net zero pathway .The wind industry is a key resource which will help the world to find a practical way out of the current mess. There are literally terawatts (TW) of “shovel-ready” projects that would lessen dependence on fossil fuels and unlock huge amounts of investment almost immediately , if governments take emergency measures to remove permitting and other administrative barriers. Looking to the mid-term, an even bigger wave of construction and investment can be unlocked if governments come forward with simpler, more practical frameworks for market access, pricing and procurement. The Global Wind Report begins to outline these recommendations, and GWEC is working with the wind industry to compile a simple set of proposals which if adopted will allow policymakers to quickly enable progress on the transition.This years report also looks further to the future to kickstart vital discussions about the emerging and evolving challenges to renewables in the energy transition, ranging from critical minerals and supply to spatial expansion, public acceptance and the threat of organised disinformation.Working together constructively and determinedly among policymakers, community , investors and industry , we can resolve todays challenges and those that lie ahead, and play our part in moving the world to a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable future.The only permanent fix for the three related problems of energy security, climate change and affordability is a determined and accelerated effort to carry out the energy transition and move away from fossil fuels to renewables. ForewordsEXECUTIVE SUMMARYGWEC 8The wind industry has enjoyed its second-best year ever, with growth in 2021 only 1.8% behind a record 2020. Almost 94 GW of capacity was added, despite a second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a clear sign of the incred