2018年阿拉伯世界竞争力报告（英文版）.pdf

The Arab WorldCompetitiveness Report2018Insight ReportInsight ReportThe Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018ii | The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMERThe Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018 (herein: “Report”) presents information and data that were compiled and/or collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as “Data”). Data in this Report is subject to change without notice.The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. 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It is the result of collaboration between the World Economic Forum and the International Finance Corporation / World Bank.Visit the The Arab World Competitiveness Report at wef.ch/awcr.World Economic ForumGenevaCopyright 2018by the World Economic Forum with the support of the International Finance Corporation / World Bank Group.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum.ISBN-13: 978-1-944835-17-0Copyediting: Hope SteeleDesign and layout: Neil Weinberg Design Group LLCThe Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018 | iii ContentsPreface .vby Brge Brende (World Economic Forum) and Philippe Le Hourou (International Finance Corporation)Acknowledgments .viiPartner Institutes .ixExecutive Summary .xiPART 1: HARNESSING AN ENTREPRENEURIAL YOUTH1.1 Staying Competitive in the Next Economic Model: Key Challenges for the Arab World . 3by Margareta Drzeniek-Hanouz and Attilio Di Battista (World Economic Forum)1.2 An Arab World in Critical Need of Economic Diversification . 29by Faleh M. F. E. Alrashidi, Barak D. Hoffman, and Jean Michel N. Marchat (World Bank)1.3 Entrepreneurship in the Arab World: Status, Challenges, and the Role of Government. 61by Ali AbuKumail, Faleh M. F. E. Alrashidi, and Khaleda Atta (World Bank)PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILESHow to Read the Country Profiles . 87Technical Notes and Sources . 89Index of Countries . 99Country Profiles . 100About the Authors . 125The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018 | v PrefaceBrge BrendePresident, World Economic ForumPhilippe Le HourouChief Executive Officer, International Finance CorporationThe Arab world is at a critical juncture. Ambitious economic and social reforms bring great economic promise to the region and at the same time we continue to see fragility and persisting inequalities that can potentially erode social cohesion. Within a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape, the world is moving from a unipolar system of governance toward a multipolar and multi-conceptual order grounded in competing sets of values and precarious friction points. In this context, much of the hope in the region rests on the imperative of constructing a social contract between the population and the state that is based on a more competitive and open economy, with a dynamic and entrepreneurial private sector offering employment prospects for the regions youth.The swiftly spreading Fourth Industrial Revolutiona dramatic change that involves a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital, and biological worlds, impacting all disciplines, economies, and industriesprovides new opportunities that can support growth. In this context, entrepreneurship and diversification will be key to enabling Arab societies to thrive and prosper in the coming decades. The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018 presents a timely diagnostic of the competitiveness landscape in the Arab world and provides guidance about what can be done to boost competitiveness and economic and social progress in the region.The report, which is the result of a long-standing collaboration between the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the World Bank, and the World Economic Forum, leverages the joint knowledge and expertise of each organization to present a shared policy vision to transform the regions economies. It delivers detailed competitiveness profiles for 12 economies of the region, providing a comprehensive summary of the drivers of productivity and competitiveness in the Arab world. It also identifies strengths of the regions economies country by country. Some improvements have been seen in investments in infrastructure and connectivity; the business environment and institutional quality that enables more private-sector investment; the relatively high levels of manufacturing and service exports in some of the regions resource-poor economies; and the achievements of its leading entrepreneurs. Finally, the report highlights areas requiring immediate action to ensure that the societies and the private sector can thrive in a 21st century economy.The previous Arab World Competitiveness Report, published in 2013, just two years after the Arab Spring, identified youth unemployment as a clear challenge that requires a range of efforts. To address those challenges, the World Bank Group has been focusing its work on areas that have the potential to accelerate job creation and economic growth. The World Economic Forum paid special attention to preparing the Arab youth for a changing work landscape through the New Vision for Arab Employment initiative. One manifestation of collaborative efforts for youth empowerment is the partnership between the World Economic Forum and the IFC to identify, support, and enable innovative entrepreneurs of the Arab world through the 100 Arab Start-Ups Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution initiative. We are also devoting a special chapter on entrepreneurship in this report to take stock of where we are today since the 2013 edition of the Arab World Competitiveness Report.We hope that the 2018 Arab World Competitiveness Report will stimulate discussions resulting in government reforms that could unlock the entrepreneurial potential of the region and its youth and accelerate progress toward an innovation-driven economic model that creates productive jobs and widespread opportunities. This should be the basis of a new social contract that can support inclusive growth and shared prosperity in the region.The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018 | vii The Arab World Competitiveness Report 2018 was prepared by a joint team comprised of Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Attilio Di Battista, Malik Faraoun, Liana Melchenko, and Ciara Porawski from the World Economic Forum; and Ali AbuKumail, Faleh Alrashidi, Khaleda Atta, Barak Hoffman, and Jean Michel Marchat from the World Bank.The work was carried out under the general direction of Richard Samans, Managing Director, Mirek Dusek, Deputy Head of Geopolitical and Regional Agendas and Head of the Middle East and North Africa, and Saadia Zahidi, Head of Social and Economic Agendas, at the World Economic Forum; Mouayed Makhlouf, Regional Director, Middle East and North Africa, at the International Finance Corporation; and Najy Benhassine, Director, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Practice, at the World Bank.We are grateful to all staff from the two institutions who have worked hard to make this joint report possible and who have provided comments at different stages of the report preparation.From the World Bank, we thank Sufyan Abed Alhameed M. Al Issa for his strong support of the World Bank Groups participation in The Arab World Competitiveness Report. We also thank peer reviewers Paul Brenton, Paolo Correa, Mona Haddad, Emmanuel Pinto Moreira, and Sona Varma for their extremely helpful guidance. We similarly appreciate suggestions and contributions we received from Alejandro Alvarez de la Campa, Nabila Assaf, Lemya Izzet Ayub, Tulu Balkir, Kevin Carey, Ayah Elhashash, Laurent Gonnet, Arti Grover, Zeina El Khoury, Laura Manley, Andrei Mikhnev, Jean Denis Pesme, Justin William Piers Hill, Qursum Qasim, Carlo Maria Rossotto, Daniel Skaven Ruben, Abdel Karim Samakie, Serene Shalan, Meriem Ait Ali Slimane, Daria Taglioni, and Elaine Tinsley. We would like to express our gratitude to John Tapia for invaluable administrative support.From the World Economic Forum, we thank Silja Baller, Sophie Brown, Marcus Burke, Oliver Cann, Gemma Corrigan, Roberto Crotti, Remy Duverney, Genesis Elhussein, Thierry Geiger, Maroun Kairouz, Khaled Kteily, Ilaria Marchese, Georg Schmitt, Jessica Toscani, and Jean-Franois Trinh Tan.We are also grateful to those that have moderated and led the discussion with key stakeholders from the region at the World Economic Forum 2017 on the Middle East and North Africa: Masood Ahmed (Center for Global Development), Rania Al-Mashat (International Monetary Fund), Lino Cattaruzzi (Google), Tarek Elmasry (McKinsey & Company), Scott Gegenheimer (Zain Group), Sami Mahroum (INSEAD), and Safwan Masri (Columbia University).Acknowledgments