争论之角：犀牛角贸易经济学文献综述（英文版）.pdf

Published by the International Fund for Animal Welfare, 290 Summer Street, Yarmouth Port, MA, 02675, nullnullnullnullnull20null International Fund for Animal Welfare Innull All rinullts resernullednullnullnullfanullnullornullAnullailable in Pnull form from nullnullnullfanullnullornull Anullailable in hard nullonully from infonullfanullnullornullnullenullrt nullenullared bynullnullnullonomists at nullrnull Pty nulltd Melbourne, Australia nullnullnullenullolarnullnullom researnullnullnullolarnullnullom Phonenullnullnullnull9005 0nullnullnullFanull nullnullnullnullnull null0null 65 nullenullan St, Albert Parnull nullnullnull065, Melbourne, Australia nulltationnullnullnullonomists at nullrnull, 20nullnullHorn of Contention: A review of literature on the economics of trade in rhino horn. Prenullared for IFAW South Afrinulla, nullnullonomists at nullrnull, Melbourne, AustralianullAuthornullsnullnullod nullamnullellnullsnullaimernullnullhe nullenulls enullressed in this renullrt are those of the authors and may not in any nullrnullumstannulles be renullrded as statinnullan ofnullial nullsition of the ornullnisations innullolnullednullnullhis renullrt is distributed nullth the understandinnullthat the authors are not resnullnsible for the results of any anullions undertanullen on the basis of the information that is nullontained nullthin, nor for any omission from, or error in, this nullblinullationnullnullsinulled by Flame nullsinull, nullanull nullonull, South Afrinullanullhe nullanullr used in this boonullis null0nullnullstnullonsumer renullynulled, nullnullronmental nulloinulle nullertinulld, nullonullessed nulllorine freenull Horn of ContentionPnullPAnullnull nullY | economists at large pty ltdPnullPAnullnull F nullnull | ifaw south africanull nullMnullnull 20nullA nullnullnullW nullF nullnullnullAnullnull null nullnullnull nullnull nullnullMInullS nullF nullAnull InullnullnullInull nullnullnull1 | SnullMAnullY 72 | Inullnull nullnullnullnullnull null3 | FnullnullAnull SnullnullnullS null4 | nullnullY nullnullnullAnullnull null5 | nullnullnullnullInull 2null6 | nullnullInullnullAPnullY 2nullContents8ECONOMISTS AT LARGE (2013), HORN OF CONTENTIONPoanullinnullof rhinos in Southern Afrinulla has innulleased dramatinullally in renullent yearsnull nullhere is nullonsiderable debate nullthin nulllinully nullrnulles and the nullonsernullation monullement as to the best nulllinully resnullnse to innulleased nullanullinnull nullenullause many of the fanullors drinullnnullnullanullinnulland illenulll trade in rhino horn are enullonominull, many stanulleholders are loonullnnull to enullonominulls for nulltential nulllinully resnullnsesnull In nullartinullular, there are sunullestions that a lenulllised, heanullly renulllated trade in rhino horn nullould redunulle rates of nullanullinnull nullhis nullanullr is a renullenullof studies on the enullonominulls of trade in endannullred nullldlife in nullneral and on rhino horn in nullartinullularnull nullnullo studies renullenulled are from formal anullademinullliterature and another four are less formal artinulles or nullnulley literaturenull nullhe formal studies are from nullernullrenullenulled nullurnals, but do not enulllinulltly address the renullent innullease in rhino nullanullinnull nullhe nulley literature are less rinullrous, but hanulle the benenull of fonullussinnullon renullent enullents in Afrinullanullnullhe formal studies sunullest that nulledinullinnull the outnullome of liberalisinnulltrade is nullomnullenulland diffinullult to determinenullAlthounull it may denullease nullessure on nullanullinnull as rhino horn benullomes innulleasinnully sunulllied throunull the nonnullethal lenulll trade, there is also a real risnullthat trade nullould drinulle an innullease in nullanullinnullthrounull any nullombination of finulle menullanismsnullnull nullhrounull lenulll and illenulll marnullets nulloenullstinnull and interanullinnullin nullomnullenullnullaysnull null nullhrounull redunullnnullthe stinulla attanulled to nullonsumnulltion of the nullodunullnullnull nully nulltentially redunullnnullthe sunullly nullosts of illenulll sunulllynullnull nully nulltentially fanulllitatinnullthe launderinnullof illenulll sunullly in nullth lenulll sunulllynull null As a result of unnullertainty around the resnullnse of illenulll sunullliers to nullomnulltition from a lenulll marnulletnull nullhe artinulles from the nulley literature are all onullertly nullonullrade, nullnerally assuminnullthatnullnull nullenulll marnullets nullll nullinullnullnullnullonsumers fromillenulll marnullets and that lenulll and illenulll horn nullould be nullrfenullly substitutablenullnull Stinulla effenulls are small and that efforts to redunulle demand throunull edunullation and information nullould be ineffenullinullenullnull Innulleased surnulleillannulle funded by rhino horn sales nullould innullease nullanullinnullnullostsnull null nullenullninullal adnullannulles sunull as nullnullA tenullnolonull nullould minimise launderinnullnull Smunulllers nullth marnullet nullnuller nullould resnullnd to the introdunullion of a lenulll trade nullassinullely, anullnullenulltinnullredunulled sales, rather than nullomnulltinnullto retain marnullet sharenullnullttle emnullrinullal enulldennulle is offered to sunullort these nullenullsnullnullder nullertain nullonditions these assumnulltions may hold, but it is unnullear if these nullonditions are in nullanulle in either sunulllyinnullor nullonsuminnullnullountriesnull We sunullest further researnull should be undertanullen before any formal stenulls are tanullen tonullards lenulllisinnulltrade in rhino hornnull1 |summary9ECONOMISTS AT LARGE (2013), HORN OF CONTENTIONPoanullinnullof rhinos in Southern Afrinulla, home to the manullrity of the nullorldnulls rhino nullnulllation, has innulleased dramatinullally in renullent yearsnull From a relatinullely steady anulleranull of null animals nullr year betnulleen null90 and 2005, nullnullanimals nullere nulllled in 20null nullillinullen nullShanull, 20nullnulland 66nullanimals hanulle already been nulllled in 20nullnullnullMany of the fanullors drinullnnullthis innullease are enullonominull Surnullnnullnullinulles for rhino horn is nullearly one of themnull While reliable data is snullarnulle, renullrts sunullest nullinulles in the early null90s rannulld betnulleen nullSnull50null00nullnullnullnullillinullen nullShanull, 20null,nullnull but hanulle nonullreanulled lenullels many times this, nullth nullinulles of null0,000null70,000nullnullnullbeinnullnulldely renullrted in international media2null nullther enullonominullfanullors innullude the nullnullerty of nullarts of rural South Afrinulla and other rannull states, insufnullient budnullts for nullotenulled area mananullment and risinnullinnullomes in nullonsumer nullountries, nullartinullularly nullietnamnullnullhere is nullurrently nullonsiderable debate nullthin nulllinully nullrnulles and the nullonsernullation monullement as to the best nulllinully resnullnse to these innulleasesnull nullenullause so many fanullors drinullnnullthe nullanullinnull and illenulll trade in rhino horn are enullonominull, many stanulleholders are loonullnnullto enullonominulls for nulltential nulllinully resnullnsesnull In nullartinullular, there are sunullestions that a lenulllised, heanullly renulllated trade in rhino horn nullould redunulle rates of illenulll nullanullinnull All trade in rhino horn is nullurrently illenulll under the nullonnullention on International nullrade in nulldannullred Snullnulles nullnullnullSnull Pronullrade adnullonullates are lobbyinnullfor the nullnullernment of South Afrinulla to nullonullse to end the trade ban at the nenull nullnullS nullneral meetinnullin 20nullnullnullhis renullrt is a renullenullof innullential nullanullrs relatinnullto the enullonominulls of rhino nullanullinnulland endannullred snullnulles marnullets dranull from anullademinull literature, self nullblished artinulles, interest nullounull nullurnals and the mainstream medianullnullnullonomists at nullrnull nullere nullommissioned by the International Fund for Animal Welfare nullFAWnullSouth Afrinulla to renullenullnullhttnullnullasiannullorresnullndentnullnullomnull07null2nullrhinonullrisisnullfnullheyrenullonenullheyrenullonenullorenullernull 2See for enullamnullenull httnullnullmotherboardnullnullnullenullnullomnullblonullrhinonullornnullrisisnullandnullhenullarnullet httnullnullnullnullnullolnullnullonullanullbusinessnullinternationalnulllenulllisinnullrhinonullornnullradenullnnullonullusnullnullnullnull9null9nullnullWenullnullmnullnulla httnullnullnullnullnullthenullardiannullnullomnullennullronmentnull20nullnullnonullnull25nullnullurenullannullernullhinonullornnullnulletnam httnullnullnullnullnullthanhniennenullsnullnullomnullindenullnullanullsnull20null0null27nullnulletnamnullrinullnnullinnulleasenullnnullhinonulloanullinnullenullertsnullsnullnull httnullnullnullnullnulleutersnullnullomnullartinullenull20nullnull0nullnull26nullonullatnullafrinullanulloneynulldAFnullnullnullnull0nullnull20null0null262 |introduCtion10ECONOMISTS AT LARGE (2013), HORN OF CONTENTION