2017-2018年世界儿童状况：数字时代的儿童（英文版）.pdf

THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN 2017Children in a Digital World THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN 2017ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the result of collaboration among many individuals and institutions. The editorial and research team thanks all who gave so willingly of their time, expertise and energy, in particular:UNICEF colleagues in Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Brazil, Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Nigeria, Pacific Islands (Fiji,Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu), Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Senegal, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tunisia and Uruguay for facilitating The State of the Worlds Children workshops.UNICEF colleagues in Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Cte dIvoire, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Liberia, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Pakistan, Senegal, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine and United Kingdom for participating in The State of the Worlds Children U-Report poll.Patrizia Di Giovanni, James Elder, Ephantus Ena, Duncan Kagio, Charles Kamonde, Minu Limbu, Ousmane Niang, Edita Nsubuga, Leila Pakkala and Werner Schultink, in Nairobi, Kenya; Aida Girma, Cary McCormick and Joy, Doreen Mulenga, Jaya Murthy and Patrick Oburu in Kampala, Uganda; and Samir Badran, Robert Jenkins, Emad Mohammad and Miraj Pradhan in Amman, Jordan, for their patience, support and good humour during The State of the Worlds Children report teams site visits.Sanjay Asthana, Monica Bulger, Patrick Burton, Sandra Cortesi, Urs Gasser, Mimi Ito, Daniel Kardefelt-Winther, Sonia Livingstone, Kathryn L. Mills, Jelena Surculija Milojevic, Kentaro Toyama and Mario Viola de Azevedo Cunha for providing guidance and authoring background papers and special features.Rachel Botsman, Niels Christiansen, Juan Enriquez, Anab Jain, Pony Ma, Khadija Patel, Kartik Sawhney, Karim Sy and Laura Maclet for participating in the Perspectives essay series. And to Phoebe Adler-Ryan, Kathrine Bisgaard Vase, Jin Cheng, Thierry Delvigne-Jean, Rana Flowers, Lisa Goldberg, Danielle Knight, Denise Lauritsen, Xiaohui Li, Li Liu, Patsy Nakell, Priscilla Ofori-Amanfo, Ron Pouwels, Wenying Su, Matthew Whitby, Winnie Wong and Jingjie Yang for their help with these essays.Ashley, Devonnie, Emmanuella, Gary, Ivan, Jack, Jen and Yousef for participating in the Voices of Youth blog series for this report. UNICEF Global Innovation Centre for their help and effort carrying out and analysing The State of the Worlds Children U-Report poll. Delphine Bellerose, Girish Lala and Amanda Third from Western Sydney University for their work designing the methodology and analysing the results from The State of the Worlds Children workshops held globally for this report.danah boyd, Drew Davidson, Mark Graham, John Horrigan, Sonia Livingstone, Chris Locke, Juliana Rotich and Michael Trucano for providing guidance and advice. Tristan Harris for participating in the Conversations with Thought Leaders speaker series at UNICEF House in January 2017. Fredrik Eriksson and Ivan Vallejo Vall from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for providing original data used in this report; and Joss Gillet and Jenny Jones from GSM Association for guidance and statistical support.Lucia Hug and Olga Oleszczu for their help producing the ITU map on unconnected youth. Programme and Policy Guidance: Victor Aguayo, Patty Alleman, David Anthony, Maaike Arts, Wivina Belmonte, Anjan Bose, Katlin Brasic, Matt Brossard, Anna Burlyaeva, Laurence Chandy, Sarah Cook, Judith Diers, Eliana Drakopoulos, Laurent Duvillier, Andres Franco, Juan Pablo Giraldo Ospino, Amaya Gorostiaga, Sarah Green, Jumana Haj-Ahmad, Runar Holen, Karin Hulshof, Blandine Ledoux, Katell Le Goulven, Robert MacTavish, Andrew Mawson, Gopal Mitra, Ariam Mogos, Indra Kumari Nadchatram, Yulia Oleinik, Clara Sommarin and Morgan Strecker.Office of Innovation: Stuart Campo, Christopher Fabian, Sunita Grote, Angelica Gustilo Ong, Erica Kochi, Shruti Kunduri, Milja Laakso, Cynthia McCaffrey, Guillaume Michels, Blair Palmer, James Powell, Maria Luisa Sotomayor, Christopher Szymczak and Naroa Zurutuza. Communication team: Justin Forsyth, Deputy Executive Director; Paloma Escudero, Director, Division of Communication; Lisa Benenson and Caroline den Dulk, Deputy Directors, Division of Communication; and Maurico Aguayo, AnnaBaldursdottir, Nigina Baykabulova, GerritBeger, Penni Berns, Marissa Buckanoff, Lely Djuhari, Laurent Duvillier, Madeline Eisner, Kristen Elsby, Joe English, Merva Faddoul, JeddFlanscha, TobyFricker, Claudia Gonzalez Romo, Chulho Hyun, Angus Ingham, Deborah Toskovic Kavanagh, MeMe Khine, Catherine Langevin-Falcon, Mischa Liatowitch, Selenge Lkhagva, Jarrod Lovett, Gbolayemi Lufadeju, Najwa Mekki, Christine Mills, Matti Navellou, Christine Nesbitt, Edita Nsubuga, Rebecca Obstler, Katarzyna Pawelczyk, Priyanka Pruthi, Anne Santiago, Leah Selim, Arissa Sidoti, Aline Stein, Georgina Thompson, Juliette Touma, Tanya Turkovich, Nikita White and Judith Yemane.REPORT TEAMEDITORIAL AND RESEARCHBrian Keeley, Lead Editor; Cline Little, Editor; Achila Imchen, Research Officer and Data Coordination; Juliano Diniz de Oliveira, Research Officer and Youth Engagement Specialist; Daniel Kardefelt-Winther, Researcher and Global Kids Online Data Coordinator; Jordan Tamagni, Editorial Advisor; Timothy Ledwith, Editorial Advisor; Jasmina Byrne, Policy Advisor; Carlos Perelln, Spanish Editor; Alix Reboul-Salze, French Editor; Anastasia Warpinski, Lead Writer; Xinyi Ge, Yasmine Hage and Baishalee Nayak, Research and Fact-Checking; Natalie Leston, Kristin Moehlmann and Charlotte Rutsch, Copy Editors.DATA AND ANALYTICSRobert Bain, Nassim Benali, Claudia Cappa, Liliana Carvajal, Mamadou Diallo, Martin Evans, Karoline Hassfurter, Chika Hayashi, Mark Hereward, Lucia Hug, Priscilla Idele, Claes Johansson, Aleya Khalifa, Julia Krasevec, Richard Kumapley, Christina Misunas, Suguru Mizunoya, Vrinda Mehra, Padraic Murphy, Colleen Murray, Rada Noeva, Khin Wityee Oo, Nicole Petrowski, Tyler Porth, Tom Slaymaker, Danzhen You, Xinxin Yu.PUBLICATION DESIGN AND PRODUCTIONSamantha Wauchope, Head of Publishing; Germain Ake and Ernest Califra.Graphic design: Soapbox, soapbox.co.uk United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF)December 2017Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Please contact: Division of Communication, UNICEF Attn:Permissions 3United Nations Plaza, NewYork, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1 (212) 326-7434 Email: nyhqdoc.permitunicef For the latest data, please visit ISBN: 978-92-806-4930-7Cover Photo UNICEF/UN036675/SharmaChildren in a Digital World THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN 2017Foreword vKey messages 1U-report poll: What do adolescents and youth think of life online? 4Introduction: Children in a Digital World 6Chapter 1DIGITAL OPPORTUNITY The promise of connectivity 12Education and learning in a digital world 14What do adolescents think about how schools are preparing them for thedigital age? 18Giving children a voice intheircommunities 22What do adolescents think about using ICTs to drive social change? 26Online my wheelchair is invisible 33Pointing the way forward 34Special Section: How ICTs are supporting humanitarian action 39Chapter 2DIGITAL DIVIDES Missed opportunities 42Who are the unconnected children? 45A persistent gender gap 48What do adolescents think about the barriers that stop them from going online? 52Once connected, how do you use? 55Pointing the way forward 61Special Section: What do connectedchildren do online? 64Chapter 3DIGITAL DANGERS The harms of life online 70Three forms of risk: Content, contact, conduct 72Cyberbullying: “Nobody deserves this” 74Online child sexual abuse andexploitation 76Which children are mostvulnerable? 80What do adolescents think about online risks and harms 82Preventing harm inthedigitalage 84Pointing the way forward 89Special Section: Protecting childrens privacy online 91Chapter 4 DIGITAL CHILDHOODS Living online 98A new generation gap 100What do adolescents think about the impact of ICTs onfamilies? 102Being online and well-being: The evidence 105The debate over digital dependency 111This is your childs brain ondigital 115What do adolescents think about technology and health in the digital age? 116Chapter 5 DIGITAL PRIORITIES Harness the good, limit the harm 122Contents Endnotes 132Methodologies for U-Report poll and adolescent workshops 142Statistical tables 146PerspectivesRealizing Limitless Possibilities: Technology empowers people with disabilities, by Kartik Sawhney 36How digital technologies herald a bright future, by Karim Sy and Laura Maclet 50A Vision for the Future: Reflections on childrens rights in the digital age, by Pony Ma 68Are you tattooed yet? by Juan Enriquez 94Look, Mum, no data! by Anab Jain 96Hey, Alexa, should I wear the pink or the sparkly dress today? by Rachel Botsman 106Empowering children to engage in the digital world, by Niels B. Christiansen 120Figures1.1 Older children are more likely to be civically engaged online 282.1 Youth in low-income countries are least likely to connect 462.2 About three out of five youth in Africa are not online 462.3 Children from the lowest-income countries use the internet least 472.4 Youth in rural areas are less likely to go online 482.5 Girls are less likely to go online in low-connectivity countries 492.6 Children rely heavily on smartphones to go online 562.7 What are children doing online? 673.1 Parts of the internet 99Adolescents in Bhutan and 25 other countries talked about what digital technology means to them in the State of the Worlds Children 2017 workshops. To hear what they had to say, look out for the “What do adolescents think about ” boxes in this report or read the companion report, Young and Online: Childrens perspectives on life in the digital age. UNICEF BHUTAN/2017/SHERPA v FOREWORDForewordThe State of the Worlds Children 2017 is about an extraordinary subject that increasingly affects almost every aspect of life for millions of children around the world and, indeed, for us all: digital tech nology. As the influence of digital tech nology andespecially the internet has increased, the debate about its impact has grown louder: Is it a boon to humankind, offering unlimited opportunity for communication and commerce, learning and free expression? Oris it a threat to our way of life, undermining the social fabric, even the political order, and threatening ourwell-being? This is an interesting but essentially academic debate. Because for better and for worse, digital tech nology is a fact of ourlives. Irreversibly.For better: The boy living with cerebral palsy, interacting online on an equal footing with his peers, for the first time in his life his abilities more visible than his disability.The girl who fled the violence in the Syrian Arab Republic with her family, recapturing her future guided by a teacher at the Zaatari refugee camp as she uses a digital tablet tolearn.The young blogger in the Democratic Republic of the Congo using the internet to report on the lack of safe water and sanitation and other serious issues inhiscommunity.For worse:The girl who is forbidden by the rules of herfamily or her society to go online, missing out on the chance to learn and connect withfriends. The teenager whose personal informationismisused by marketers andshared online.The boy whose video game habit has takenover his life, at least according tohisparents. And worse still:A boy driven nearly to suicide by cyberbullying that follows him everywhere.A 14-year-old girl whose ex-boyfriend created a social media profile featuring nude pictures he forced her to take of herself. An eight-year-old girl in the Philippines forced to perform live-stream sex acts by aneighbour who operates a child sexual abuse website.UNICEF THE STATE OF THE WORLDS CHILDREN 2017viBeyond the harm to individual children that digital tech nology can enable or abet is its capacity to incite violence on a massive scale that affects the lives and futures of hundreds of thousands of children. We need look no further for confirmation of this grim potential than an insidious social media campaign in Myanmar this year that incited horrific violence against members of the Rohingya eth nic minority, which resulted in the killing and maiming of children and forced hundreds of thousands to flee towards uncertain futures. The internet is all of these things, reflecting and amplifying the best and worst of human nature. It is a tool that will always be used for good and for ill. Our job is to mitigate the harms and expand the opportunities digital tech nology makes possible.Thats what this report is about. It surveys the landscape of digital opportunity as it relates to and affects children. It examines the digital divides that prevent millions of children from accessing through the internet new opportunities to learn and, someday, to participate in the digital economy, helping to break intergenerational cycles of poverty. It also explores the undeniably dark side of the internet and digital tech nology, from cyberbullying to online child sexual abuse to Dark web transactions and currencies that can make it easier to conceal trafficking and other illegal activities that harm children. It reviews some of the debates about less obvious harms children may suffer from life in a digital age from digital dependencies to the possible impact of digital tech nology on brain development and cognition. And it outlines a set of practical recommendations that can help guide more effective policymaking and more responsible business practices to benefit children in a digital age.Equally important, this report includes the perspectives of children and young people on the impact of digital tech nology in their lives telling their own stories abouttheissues that most affect them. Their voices matter ever more and are louder than ever before in a digital world. A world they are not only inheriting, buthelping to shape. By protecting children from the worst digitaltech nology has to offer, and expanding their access to the best, wecantip the balance for the better. Anthony Lake UNICEF Executive Director UNICEF/UN024828/Nesbitt Key messages 1Key messagesThe State of the Worlds Children Children in a Digital WorldDigital tech nology has already changed the world andas more andmore children go online around theworld, itisincreasingly changingchildhood.Youth (ages 1524) is the most connectedage group. Worldwide, 71percent are online compared with 48percent ofthe totalpopulation.Children and adolescents under 18 account for an estimated one in three internet users around theworld.A growing