年轻人就业面临的挑战（英文版）.pdf

The challenge of youth employment Q2 20172 - - 3 - ence. Others may have lost hope. Entire communities drifted apart, or left “ghost villages” comprising only the elderly or immobile. “Eventually I was so fed up I went to visit a friend in Singapore to see what opportunities were there. Fi- nally I found a job at a small foundation in Spain. But it turned out to be almost entirely clerical”, says Maria, who holds joint degrees in law and business adminis- tration. “Although I was desperate for something bet- ter, I felt I couldnt justify leaving the job just because I didnt like it. People told me: at least you have a job, unlike so many others”, she recalls. Spain is now emerging from the deep crisis that fol- lowed the bursting of its property bubble. But un- employment, especially for young people, remains stubbornly high. Neighbouring Portugals recovery has been more halting, with corresponding uncertain- ty for young peoples employment prospects. And in Greece, where recession hit hardest, it may take an entire generation for youngsters to look forward to the sort of job prospects enjoyed by their grandpar- ents. “Things in Spain are getting better. But theres still a real problem for people without qualifications or over a certain age”, says Ms. Lopez. YE Y outh Employment Maria Lopez is one of the lucky ones. After a string of temporary jobs, interspersed with frustrating periods of unemployment, she finally managed to land an attrac- tive permanent position in her native Spain. She was 27 at the time. Today, she looks back at this period of uncertainty and recognizes the string of temporary po- sitions as the foundation for her career, helping her to define her ambitions and make the right career choices. “I took on a range of temporary jobs as an associate at Adecco. People kept saying to me: youre overqualified for what youre doing. But what could I say? I knew I needed the experience to improve my prospects.” Across Europe, and around much of the world, millions of young people can tell a similar story. The recession after the financial crisis was particularly devastating for young jobseekers and especially those looking for their first positions. Even though youth unemployment has decreased in Europe since last year (February 2016 it lays on 19.3 now 17.3%) in countries such as Spain (41.5%) Greece (45.2%) and Italy (35.2%) the rate is still much higher than the European average and has been so for years. 1 Some younger job seekers, such as Maria, soldiered on, despite these difficult conditions, taking part time employment to earn a living and gain experi- 1 Euro era unemployment at 9.5%, Eurostat, February 20174 - - 5 - So, if you thought the problems of youth employment were waning, think again. Global economic recovery may have gathered pace of late. But youth employment remains a blackspot for many. The ILO estimated global economic growth in 2016 at around 3.2 per cent, followed by a “slight improve- ment” in 2017. But the outlook for youth unemployment is much less promising. After a number of years where the rate has decreased, the final rate for 2016 was pro- jected to deteriorate to 13.1 per cent from 12.9 per cent in 2015 and remain the same in 2017. Thats only a whis- ker below 2013s historic peak of 13.2 per cent. In real numbers, after falling by around 3m between 2012 and 2015, the number of young people without jobs around the world probably rose by 500,000 to 71m in 2016, where it will stay this year too. 2 A “lost generation”? So its no surprise experts talk of a “lost generation” an entire cohort of young people around the world who will never know regular labour, and whose pros- pects will be scarred, not just briefly, but potentially for most of their lives. The human tragedy is immense, but the possible impact on society could be even greater. Employment is a pillar of a successful society. The prospect of a steady income is central to crucial life decisions like marriage, home ownership or starting a family. Recent history highlights the dangers to social cohesion and political stability - and the potential rise of demagogues when unemployment and economic difficulty spin out of control. “We need to equip young people with the hard and soft skills that businesses require, and initial experience that is crucial for them to start their careers. Their future is our future. By helping them we can boost the prosperi- ty for our countries, businesses, and organisations”, says Alain Dehaze, Chief Executive of The Adecco Group, the worlds leading workforce solutions provider. Most troubling of all is the large and growing number of young people who are Neither Employed, nor in Ed- ucation or T raining, abbreviated to NEET in the jargon. As Marias story shows, when unemployment is high and jobs scarce, a vicious circle can arise, with young people growing increasingly distanced from the labour market and disillusioned with their prospects. Survey evidence quoted by the ILO covering 28 countries suggests around 25 per cent of young people aged be- tween 15-29 are NEET. Troublingly, the group expands as individuals get older: developed countries above all show a steep increase in NEET rates for people aged over 20 compared with those between 15 and 19. 3 Such data highlight the urgency of improving young- sters access to the labour market. But the evidence suggests the problem is not so much a lack of openings vacancy rates can often be counter intuitively high but the unsuitability of candidates for the jobs available. Some 40 per cent of employers say they cannot find young people with the right skills for their busi- ness. Thus, lack of experience is often identified as the main reason for such entry level vacancies. 4 It is interesting to note that over 40 per cent of Euro- pean workers actually believe their skill levels do not match those required in their job profile.5 Which acts to perpetuate the situation. Not as good as you think 2 World Employment and Social Outlook 2016: Trends for youth International Labour Office Geneva: ILO, 2016 3 World Employment and Social Outlook 2016: Trends for youth 4 McKinseys flexibil- ity; good oral communication abilities; the capacity to present oneself professionally - and being punctual. Some 46% of youngsters were not hired because they had the wrong attitude. And no less than 30% failed be- cause they did not arrive on time! “Further important soft skills include the ability to adapt to very different and fast evolving business conditions”, says Mr Dehaze. “T o those, Id add an ea- gerness to learn continuously and improve, network- ing and active collaboration skills, creativity, conflict management skills and an ability to influence.” Last, but definitely not least, he notes the need for young people to embrace mobility, which can boost both hard and soft skills. That includes searching for international experience, developing international networks and nur- turing foreign language skills. Young people must also be encouraged and guided to understand whats on offer. Many have no idea about the wealth of jobs available in engineering, electronics or IT . And youngsters need to help themselves and seek experience as early as possible. “Earning while learning” is a powerful incentive, say the experts. “Theres absolutely a need for change. Theres not enough practical education, just a lot of theory, even today”, says Ms Lopez of Spains school system. “I dont think in Spain were prepared. I have many friends aged around 30 who just dont know how to market them- selves.” The question then remains. How can such skills be engendered in todays young- sters? Whats required? The private sector can offer some answers, either ope- rating on its own, or in public-private partnerships with national authorities. The Adecco Group has found that the biggest barrier, ironically, to young peoples finding a job is their very lack of experience. “Beyond formal education, labour markets need to offer young people the opportunity to gain work experience. There is clear evidence that the lack of such experience is one of the main barri- ers to entering the workforce”, observes Mr. Dehaze. A temporary job is a better option than being unem- ployed. Evidence suggests temporary work can help youngsters take their first step onto the career lad- der or into permanent positions. With a temporary job, young people can start to build the experience all employers seek. In France, for example, data show 66 per cent of people find employment after a year of temporary work; in Britain, the corresponding figure is 48 per cent. Young peoples willingness to accept exi- ble job assignments, or job opportunities abroad, is es- sential to bringing them into the labour force. The evidence suggests that economic crisis in many southern European countries prompted a degree of greater mobility as workers sought regions with better employment prospects. But this is still a relatively rare event. The Adecco Group has tried to set an example. It has a range of initiatives within its Adecco Way to Work banner aimed at helping young people to gain their first job experiences. The schemes in- clude global ventures such as Experience Work Day and CEO for One Month, purely national ini- tiatives, and projects linked to particular activi- ties, notably sport. Some suggestions for action - 10 - - 1112 - - 13 - Such schemes show that not just The Adecco Group, but workforce solutions providers in general, can play a pivotal role here. “Agency work not only helps peo- ple to move from unemployment into work, it also provides a stepping stone leading to long lasting forms of employment”, notes the World Employment Confederation, the industry association for workforce solutions groups. “This stepping stone function to the world of work helps to bring access to work for those who would otherwise not secure a job. By providing people with decent work and exposure to labour markets, private employment services increase the wider employability and mobility of workers”, the WEC adds. In 2012, nearly 36m people worked for workforce solu- tions groups, occupying 11.5m full time positions. On average that accounted for around 0.9 per cent of the total working population. Significantly, a large pro- portion of such workers were, on average, young, with 61 per cent under 30. The fact that only 32 per cent had previously been in work spotlights how private work- force solutions providers can ease the transition from school to work and from unemployment to jobs. Of course, there have been issues with temporary em- ployment in the past. Even today, not all countries are entirely comfortable with the concept. That is despite copious data showing private workforce solutions com- panies have, over the years, actually played a key role in upholding working conditions. And they have helped in reducing illegal and undeclared labour, nurturing de- cent work as defined by the ILO and invariably meeting the strict requirements of the ILOs global conventions. Some critics have even coined the term “precariat” a curious combination of a lack of predictability and inse- curity to define an alleged new social class of people facing an unsettled existence in new types of labour. Such attacks are belied, of course, by the meteoric rise of the sharing economy, with immensely popular dis- ruptors such as Uber, Deliveroo and like all depending on a new type of independent contractor relationship with staff, who are apparently entirely at ease with the innovative workstyle. Such once unimagined hiring, sharing and communicat- ing businesses now loosely grouped together under the sharing economy moniker have skyrocketed in value, surging by close to 140% since 2012. Investment has soared 20 fold between 2010 and 2014. Professional services group PwC reckons the traditional rental mar- ket and the sharing economy will be almost head to head in value by 2025. What our sector can do Of course, the traditional job does not face extinction. And many youngsters will still opt for the stability itf im- plies. But it is clear that business today increasingly de- mands flexibility - and that a growing number of young people are willing to oblige. Many of them are more mobile and flexible in their approach to work than their parents or grandparents. Rather than a single job for life, such youngsters prefer a “multi career” concept, where stability and a regular paycheck are outweighed by the broader and richer prospect of variety and continuous learning through different jobs and locations. Such characteristics may, in fact, boost youngsters long- term employability by helping them gain diverse skills and become more fu- ture-proof because the sharing economy obliges peo- ple to embrace experimentation, innovation and rapid change. Private workforce solutions groups can also cooperate with governments, stimulating and reinforcing active labour market policies and cooperating withworking to- gether with public sector employment agencies. “One area already established but well worth expanding is the use of private providers for training schemes to develop or upgrade skills and boost workers employ- ability”, observes Mr Dehaze. Companies like The Adecco Group are particularly well placed, given their deep knowledge of labour market needs based on their close contacts with employers. “Private sector workforce solutions groups have unique insights into employment trends and develop- ments. W orking more closely with public employment agencies would allow speedier and more effective im- plementation of government policies, whether aimed at exposed groups, like the young unemployed, or fo- cused on raising labour participation rates in gener- al”, adds Mr Dehaze. As the classic working relationship transforms under global structural trends, so the role of workforce solu- tions providers may rise. Industry data demonstrate that countries with above average penetration rates of private workforce solutions providers consistently perform better and show more efficient labour markets than those with less developed or more restricted sys- tems. A new working relationship14 - - 15 - An important, more formal, way of giving youngsters expe- rience of labour is through apprenticeships. Once common- place in developed countries, such schemes fell out of favour in some places in recent years while remaining popular and respected elsewhere, but are now very much back in vogue virtually across the board. Germany, Switzerland and Austria, for example, which always retained their strong national apprenticeship schemes, have youth unemployment rates that are actually in line with over- all joblessness, rather than much higher. Switzerland and Ger- many boast youth unemployment rates of just 3.6% and 6.9%, respectively. Outstanding among the many factors behind their success is an educational model combining top notch formal school- ing with established training