OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index A tool for benchmarking countries, measuring reform and assessing its impactFDI Index: What does it measure? Statutory restrictions: All discriminatory measures affecting foreign investors, covering both market access and national treatment: Equity restrictions by sector or overall, for acquisitions or greenfield projects Screening above a threshold or foreign equity share Restrictions on key personnel: managers, directors, experts Operational restrictions: land ownership, profit/capital repatriation, branching, reciprocity, discriminatory minimum capital requirements etc. What is not covered? Degree of implementation/circumvention State monopoly or participation in a sector Special treatment accorded to a group of investors, whether by activity (e.g. exporting) or country of origin Restrictions based purely on national security or prudential measures1. Agriculture 2. Forestry 3. Fishery 4. Mining closed=1)0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Agriculture clo sed=1) OECD NON-OECD FDI restrictions vary across sectors, 2018Countries with fewer restrictions tend to receive more FDI relative to the size of their economy R² = 0.1 911 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 OECD FDI Regul a tory Res tri cti venes s I ndex, 2017 (open=0; cl os ed=1) Log of Inward FDI stock to GDP, 2016¹Top reformers, 1997 to 2018 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 Viet Nam Korea China India Malaysia Tur key Indonesia Finland Phili ppi nes Hungary Australi a Belgium Canada Mexico Poland Slovenia Egypt Rus sia Switz erland Es tonia Austria South Africa United Kingdom Greece Portugal Czech Republic Brazil Japan Sweden Slovak Republic OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index (open=0; closed=1) 2018 FD I RR Inde x Total 19 97 -20 18 FDI liber alisati on0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 Brazil FDI Index (open=0; closed=1) % of GDP 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Korea FDI Index (open=0; closed=1) % of GDP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Viet Nam FDI Index (open=0; closed=1) % of GDP 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Philippines FDI Index (open=0; closed=1) % of GDP OECD FDI RR Index (left axis) Foreign Direct Investment, inward stocks (% of GDP) Investors tend to respond positively once a critical mass of reforms has been achievedSummary of key findings The level of FDI restrictiveness still varies greatly across countries, and impinge essentially on primary and services sectors Restrictions are still relatively higher in Asia-Pacific, but are coming down strongly over time Very little evidence of significant backtracking worldwide, although some countries are strengthening national security screening mechanisms Restrictions tend to hinder a countrys ability to compete for FDI, and hence may impose a cost on the economy which must be assessed against any potential gains from discriminatory policies against foreign investorsStephen Thomsen Head, Investment Policy Reviews, OECD Investment Division stephen.thomsenoecd For further information Contact FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index oecd/investment/fdiindex.htm Thank you