# TH 16 EDITION PUBLISHED APRIL 2019 STATE OF THE DEVELOPER NATION TH 16 EDITION DEVELOPER ECONOMICS The latest trends from our Q4 2018 Survey of 19,000+ developersTM ABOUT SLASHDATA Our mantra: We help the world understand developers - and developers understand the world. 19-21 Hatton Gardens London, London EC1N 8BA Follow us on twitter: DevEconomics /developereconomics/blog +44 845 003 8742 TM SlashData is the leading analyst company in the developer economy, tracking global software developer trends based on more than 40,000 software developers annually in over 160 countries. Our surveys track the changing landscape of mobile, IoT, desktop, cloud, web, AR, VR, games, machine learning developers and data scientists. SlashData Ltd. TERMS OF RE-USE SlashData, its aliates and representatives shall have no liability for any direct, incidental, special, or consequential damages or lost prots, if any, suered by any third party as a result of decisions made, or not made, or actions taken, or not taken, based on this publication. This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by you of the terms of this License. SlashData believes the statements contained in this publication to be based upon information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate or complete and it should not be relied upon as such. Opinions expressed are current opinions as of the date appearing on this publication only and the information, including the opinions contained herein, are subject to change without notice. Use of this publication by any third party for whatever purpose should not and does not absolve such third party from using due diligence in verifying the publications contents. SlashData disclaims all implied warranties, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. 1. License Grant 2. Restrictions The license granted above is subject to and limited by the following restrictions. You must not distribute the Report on any website or publicly accessible Internet website (such as Dropbox or Slideshare) and you may distribute the Report only under the terms of this License. You may not sublicense the Report. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Report you distribute. If you incorporate parts of the Report (so long as this is no more than ve pages) into an adaptation or collection, you must keep intact all copyright, trademark and condentiality notices for the Report and provide attribution to SlashData in all distributions, reproductions, adaptations or incorporations which the Report is used (attribution requirement). You must not modify or alter the Report in any way, including providing translations of the Report. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, SlashData hereby grants you a worldwide, royalty-free, non- exclusive license to reproduce the Report or to incorporate parts of the Report (so long as this is no more than ve pages) into one or more documents or publications. 3. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer 4. Limitation on Liability 5. TerminationThe analyst in the developer economy | Formerly known as Vision Mobile SlashData © Copyright 2019 | All rights reservedTM ABOUT SLASHDATA Our mantra: We help the world understand developers - and developers understand the world. 19-21 Hatton Gardens London, London EC1N 8BA Follow us on twitter: DevEconomics /developereconomics/blog +44 845 003 8742 TM SlashData is the leading analyst company in the developer economy, tracking global software developer trends based on more than 40,000 software developers annually in over 160 countries. Our surveys track the changing landscape of mobile, IoT, desktop, cloud, web, AR, VR, games, machine learning developers and data scientists. SlashData Ltd. TERMS OF RE-USE SlashData, its aliates and representatives shall have no liability for any direct, incidental, special, or consequential damages or lost prots, if any, suered by any third party as a result of decisions made, or not made, or actions taken, or not taken, based on this publication. This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by you of the terms of this License. SlashData believes the statements contained in this publication to be based upon information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate or complete and it should not be relied upon as such. Opinions expressed are current opinions as of the date appearing on this publication only and the information, including the opinions contained herein, are subject to change without notice. Use of this publication by any third party for whatever purpose should not and does not absolve such third party from using due diligence in verifying the publications contents. SlashData disclaims all implied warranties, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. 1. License Grant 2. Restrictions The license granted above is subject to and limited by the following restrictions. You must not distribute the Report on any website or publicly accessible Internet website (such as Dropbox or Slideshare) and you may distribute the Report only under the terms of this License. You may not sublicense the Report. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Report you distribute. If you incorporate parts of the Report (so long as this is no more than ve pages) into an adaptation or collection, you must keep intact all copyright, trademark and condentiality notices for the Report and provide attribution to SlashData in all distributions, reproductions, adaptations or incorporations which the Report is used (attribution requirement). You must not modify or alter the Report in any way, including providing translations of the Report. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, SlashData hereby grants you a worldwide, royalty-free, non- exclusive license to reproduce the Report or to incorporate parts of the Report (so long as this is no more than ve pages) into one or more documents or publications. 3. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer 4. Limitation on Liability 5. TerminationThe analyst in the developer economy | Formerly known as Vision Mobile SlashData © Copyright 2019 | All rights reserved4 5 Christina is responsible for all SlashDatas research products and heads the analyst and operations teams. With more than 18 years of experience in data mining, BI and CRM design, she leads research planning and methodology, survey design, data analysis, insights generation and research commercialisation. Christina is also behind SlashDatas outcome-based developer segmentation model and is the leading SlashData researcher in machine learning and data science. christinaslashdata.co | ChristinaVoskog konstantinosslashdata.co Konstantinos is part of the analyst team and is responsible for uncovering hidden patterns and meaningful insights in a sea of data points from the Developer Economics surveys. He authors SlashDatas research reports, follows the latest trends on software developers and researches new tech markets. Prior to joining SlashData, Konstantinos spent 5 years in the energy sector as technical project manager and tender manager. He holds MSc degrees in Electrical Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens and The University of Manchester and he is currently on track to complete a Masters in Data Science with UC San Diego. Konstantinos Korakitis DataScientist & Author ABOUT AUTHORS THE Developer Economics | State of the Developer Nation Q4 2018 | © SlashData | All rights reserved 8 9 14 19 23 27 30 34 TABLE CONTENTS OF 7 6 About this report Partners Key Insights 1. Ethics in AI 2. The Gender Wars 5. Programming language communities - an update 3. Why is Mainstream Adoption Hard to Achieve? 4. Cloud Native - Mainstream 6. An agile software world Methodology michaelslashdata.co | CMick14 Michael is a Data Scientist & Author with over 14 years experience across multiple industries from telco to n-tech. He spent his career developing and polishing his analytical skills with the sole purpose of helping businesses make informed data driven decisions. Michael Carraz Data Scientist & Author Jo Stichbury Senior Analyst & Freelance Technical Writer joslashdata.co | uymaccoy Jo is a freelance technical writer with over 20 years experience in the software industry, including 8 years of low-level mobile development. She is specialised in setting up new developer communities and populating them with useful content, having worked in this capacity at Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Symbian and Nature Publishing Group. She holds an MA and a PhD in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge. Christina Voskoglou DirectorofResearch& Operations Peter Crocker Technology Analyst & Author Prior to joining the rm Peter was the Founder and Principal Analyst at Smiths Point Analytics a research rm focused on mobile technology and developers. Peter started his analyst career with VDC Research covering the enterprise mobility and mobile software markets. Before becoming an analyst he was instrumental in building businesses and guiding strategy at mobile software start-ups. Peter holds a BA from Rollins College and an MBA from The College of William and Mary. peterslashdata.co | pbcrocker Stijn Schuermans Senior Business Analyst Stijn is leading the SlashData research on developer program benchmarking, developer population sizing, and the Internet of Things. He has authored over 35 reports and research notes. His approach combines data from large-scale developer surveys with strategic insights on business models and industries, including platform economics. Stijn has a Master's degree in engineering and an MBA. He has over 10 years experience as an engineer, product manager, strategist and business analyst. stijnslashdata.co | stijnschuermans4 5 Konstantinos Korakitis Data Scientist & Author Konstantinos is part of the analyst team and is responsible for uncovering hidden patterns and meaningful insights in a sea of data points from the Developer Economics surveys. He authors SlashDatas research reports, follows the latest trends on software developers and researches new tech markets. Prior to joining SlashData, Konstantinos spent 5 years in the energy sector as technical project manager and tender manager. He holds MSc degrees in Electrical Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens and The University of Manchester and he is currently on track to complete a Masters in Data Science with UC San Diego. konstantinosslashdata.co ABOUT AUTHORS THE Developer Economics | State of the Developer Nation Q4 2018 | © SlashData | All rights reserved 8 9 14 19 23 27 30 34 TABLE CONTENTS OF 7 6 About this report Partners Key insights 1. Ethics in AI 2. The gender wars 5. Programming language communities - an update 3. Why is mainstream adoption hard to achieve? 4. Cloud native - mainstream 6. An agile software world Methodology michaelslashdata.co | CMick14 Michael is a Data Scientist & Author with over 14 years experience across multiple industries from telco to n-tech. He spent his career developing and polishing his analytical skills with the sole purpose of helping businesses make informed data driven decisions. Michael Carraz Data Scientist & Author Jo Stichbury Senior Analyst & Freelance Technical Writer joslashdata.co | uymaccoy Jo is a freelance technical writer with over 20 years experience in the software industry, including 8 years of low-level mobile development. She is specialised in setting up new developer communities and populating them with useful content, having worked in this capacity at Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Symbian and Nature Publishing Group. She holds an MA and a PhD in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge. Christina Voskoglou Director of Research & Operations Christina is responsible for all SlashDatas research products and heads the analyst and operations teams. With more than 18 years of experience in data mining, BI and CRM design, she leads research planning and methodology, survey design, data analysis, insights generation and research commercialisation. Christina is also behind SlashDatas outcome-based developer segmentation model and is the leading SlashData researcher in machine learning and data science. christinaslashdata.co | ChristinaVoskog Stijn is leading the SlashData research on developer program benchmarking, developer population sizing, and the Internet of Things. He has authored over 35 reports and research notes. His approach combines data from large-scale developer surveys with strategic insights on business models and industries, including platform economics. Stijn has a Master's degree in engineering and an MBA. He has over 10 years experience as an engineer, product manager, strategist and business analyst. stijnslashdata.co | stijnschuermans Peter Crocker T echnologyAnalyst & Author peterslashdata.co | pbcrocker Prior to joining the rm Peter was the Founder and Principal Analyst at Smiths Point Analytics a research rm focused on mobile technology and developers. Peter started his analyst career with VDC Research covering the enterprise mobility and mobile software markets. Before becoming an analyst he was instrumental in building businesses and guiding strategy at mobile software start-ups. Peter holds a BA from Rollins College and an MBA from The College of William and Mary. Stijn Schuermans SeniorBusinessAnalyst6 7 ABOUT THIS REPORT 1. Ethics in AI: With the advancement of AI, many people are now concerned about the ethical questions that AI raises. In this chapter we explore to what degree developers agree or disagree with issues such as AIs unintended consequences, algorithm bias, and jobs replacement, as well as their views about data collection and protection. 3. Emerging Technology: To gauge interest in certain technologies, we asked developers which, of some emerging areas, they are actively working on, learning about or simply interested in. Based on their answers we can gain insight on the technologies that are in popular use today, and the skills and knowledge growing for tomorrow. 5. Programming language communities - an update. Programming languages are often the kernels of strong communities and the subject of opinionated debate. In this chapter we provide updated estimates of the number of active software developers using each of the major programming languages, across the globe and