China Building Energy Use 2016 Building Energy Research Center, Tsinghua University CHINA ARCHITECTURE China: 2014) 46 Figure 21 P China: 2014) 51 Figure 24 Monitored campus building electricity consumption intensity in US and China 53 Figure 25 Electricity consumption intensity by end use 53 Figure 26 Building primary energy per capita across countries (1960-2012) 54 Figure 27 Building primary energy use and GDP per capita for selected countries 55 Figure 28 Transforming of China's building energy conservation work 57 Figure 29 Top design on total amount and intensity control of Chinas building energy use 58 Figure 30 China buildings primary energy consumption target 61 Figure 31 Best practice of building design and operation optimisation 6509 Executive summary The People's Republic of China (hereafter “China“) is playing an important role globally. Chinas economy has maintained fast growth with rapid urbanisation. Chinas primary energy consumption has increased from 1.56 billion tonnes of coal equivalent (tce) 1in 2001 to 4.26 billion tce in 2014. With economic development and increasing living standards, Chinas building and construction industry has kept a steady growth. In 2014, China's total floor area was approximately 56.1 billion square metres (m 2 ), of which urban residential floor area was 21.3 billion m 2 , rural residential floor area was 24.1 billion m 2and public and commercial floor area was 10.7 billion m 2 . Since 2001, both total energy consumption and electricity consumption in Chinas building sector increased significantly. In 2014, the total building commercial energy consumption was 819 megatonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce) accounting for about 20% of the total primary energy consumption 2 . Biomass energy consumption was 102 Mtce, meaning total energy consumption (including commercial and biomass energy) was 921 Mtce. Chinas building energy use is categorised using four sub-sectors based on their own influencing factors and characteristics: 1 1 Mtce=29.3076 PJ 2 In this report, energy use refers to primary energy use unless special noted.10 The northern urban heating (NUH) energy use in 2014 was 184 Mtce, accounting for 22.5% of total building commercial energy use. The average heating energy use per unit of floor area declined by 34%, from 22.8 kilogrammes of coal equivalent (kgce) per m 2in 2001 to 14.6 kgce/m 2in 2014. The main reasons for this energy intensity decrease include the improvement of building envelopes, a larger proportion of high efficiency heating sources and higher efficiency of the NUH heating system. In 2014, Chinas total pubic and commercial (P&C) buildings area was approximately 10.7 billion m 2 . Total P&C buildings energy use (exclulding NUH) was 235 Mtce, including 588.9 Terawatt-hours (TWh) electricity consumption, accounting for 28.7% of total building commercial energy use. Increases in floor area, the share of large- scale buildings and growth in P&C energy intensity all resulted in a large rise in total P&C buildings energy consumption. The energy use of urban residential (UR) buildings (excluding NUH) in 2014 was 192 Mtce, accounting for 23.4% of the total building commercial energy use, with 408 TWh electricity consumption. In 2014, commercial energy consumption in rural residential (RR) buildings was 208 Mtce, including 192.7 TWh electricity consumption, accounting for 25.4% of total building energy use. In addition, rural biomass consumption (mainly straw and wood) was equivalent to 102 Mtce. 1) Northern urban heating energy use 2) Public and commercial buildings energy use (excluding NUH) 3) Urban residential buildings energy use (excluding NUH) 4) Rural residential buildings energy use