China Building Energy Use 2018Building Energy Research Center of Tsinghua UniversityChina Building Energy Use 2018Building Energy Research Center of Tsinghua UniversityChina Building Energy Use 2018Building Energy Research Center of Tsinghua University03ForewordBuilding a Resource Efficient Society is a strategic decision made by Chinas central government. This approach is relative to the current situation of economic development and society in our country after in-depth research on politics and economics and the global history of societal development. Saving energy is an essential part of this strategy and building sector plays an important role. Therefore, building energy conservation and building energy efficiency work should be specially focused on.Different to prominent programs such as exploring the moon and “Three Gorges project”, Building Energy Conservation is a social movement closely related to all societal aspects, including engineering & technology, culture & ideas, lifestyle, social equity, etc. Its involvement of the whole society is very similar to a new revolution. For the success of this social movement, it first needs to “know thyself, know thy adversary”. This means that it is essential to having a clear understanding and knowledge of both the domestic and international circumstances involving building energy consumption. It also requires the development of a scientific solution for the different subsectors. The provision of sound evidence, makes it possible to develop a reasonable policy strategy that can advance the achievement of the different specific targets and can harness the current high enthusiasm within society into tangible outcomes.Based on the above understanding, we have discovered that building energy conservation still remains unresolved in our country, and this will undermine progress in this area. This observation is based on our research and publications that have Foreword04 China Building Energy Use 2018received the attention of relevant authorities. As our research progresses deeper, we have become aware that such a national-level study on the situation of energy efficiency could not be done through a single research project. Instead, a long-term continuous effort and study on the evolving situation is required. This would enable the strategic objectives to be adjusted and revised through new analyses and recommendations for those changing circumstances and a long-lasting “revolution”. Based on this understanding, with support and initiatives from numerous academic experts and the leaders from relative organizations, we are cooperating with the different social communities to ensure this long-lasting national level study. Since 2007, we have complied the results of our national level study on building energy conservation in a yearly book, Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency, in order to inform the whole society over time. Since 2016, an English language version has been produced. The intention is to bring Chinas practices and ideas in this area to the attention of the world and to contribute to global sustainable development. We hope readers continue to support us, and jointly work together toward this shared goal!05AcknowledgementThis publication was prepared by the Building Energy Research Center (BERC) of Tsinghua University. The lead authors were Professor Yi JIANG (lead), Professor Da YAN (co-lead), Dr Siyue GUO and Dr Shan HU. Other BERC colleagues provided important contributions, in particular, Professor Qingpeng WEI, Ye LIU, Ye ZHANG, Jingjing AN and Yang ZHANG. This report was edited and produced by Dr Siyue GUO.Shiyan CHANG (Tsinghua University, China), Chiara DDELMASTRO (Politecnico di Torino, Italy), Bing DONG (University of Texas at San Antonio, US), John DULAC (International Energy Agency), Tianzhen HONG (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US), Chenpeng LI (China National Institute of Standardization, China) and Jianguo ZHANG (Energy Research Institute of National Development and Reform Commission, China).The research of this report was part of the research activities of the International Energy Agency Energy in Buildings and Communities Program Annex 70: Building Energy Epidemiology Analysis of real building energy use at scale.Special thanks go to reviewers and contributors:Acknowledgement06 China Building Energy Use 2018ContentsExecutive summary 101 Introduction 162 Chinas buildings energy use 19China's building sector 19Building energy use in China 23Outlook of Chinas building energy consumption 313 Building energy use in public and commercial buildings(excluding NUH) in China 36Overview 36Energy consumptions of each building type 40Perspectives for P&C buildings (excluding NUH) 524 Occupancy behaviour and building energy conservation 60Impact of occupancy behaviour in buildings energy use 60Occupancy behaviour, technology and policies 64Annex A Framework 67Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure 76Main references 7907List of TablesList of FiguresContentsFigure 1 Population and urbanisation growth in China (2001-2016) 19Figure 2 Nominal GDP per capita and value-added of service sector in China (2001-2016) 20Figure 3 Chinas total consumption of primary energy and its composition (2001-2016) 21Figure 4 Chinas total electricity generation and the net coal consumption rate (2001-2016) 21Figure 5 New completed buildings in China (2001-2016) 22Figure 6 Chinas existing building stock (2001-2016) 22Figure 7 Embodied energy consumption for buildings and infrastructures (2004-2015) 23Figure 8 Chinas buildings sector commercial energy consumption (2001-2016) 24Figure 9 Chinas buildings sector CO2 emissions (2001-2016) 25Figure 10 Primary energy consumption indicators of four China building sub-sectors (2016) 26Figure 11 NUH energy consumption and intensity (2001-2016) 27Figure 12 NUH floor area by heat sources (2001-2016) 27Table 1 China's building primary energy consumption (2016) 25Table 2 Indoor design parameters of hotels with different star-ratings 43Table 3 Climate conditions and economic development of Shanghai and Shenzhen 49Table 4 Energy use target of P&C buildings (excluding NUH) 53Table 5 EUIs for non-heating use in public buildings 57Table 6 The coverage of ETS in buildings sector 58Table 7 Estimated emission base line for Beijings P&C buildings 5908 China Building Energy Use 2018Figure 13 P&C buildings (excluding NUH) energy consumption and intensity (2001-2016) 28Figure 14 UR buildings (excluding NUH) energy consumption and intensity (2001-2016) 29Figure 15 Chinas UR energy consumption (excluding NUH) by end-use (2001-2016) 29Figure 16 RR buildings energy consumption and intensity (2001-2016) 30Figure 17 Buildings sector primary energy use indicators for selected countries (2014) 31Figure 18 Chinas buildings sector primary energy use in different scenarios 32Figure 19 Required U-values for Beijing's building envelope in standards 34Figure 20 P&C buildings floor area and FAPC (2001-2016) 36Figure 21 Floor area of different types of P&C buildings (2001-2016) 37Figure 22 Chinas P&C buildings (excluding NUH) commercial energy consumption (2001-2016) 39Figure 23 Chinas P&C buildings (excluding NUH) CO2emissions (2001-2016) 39Figure 24 Chinas P&C energy use and emissions intensity (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 39Figure 25 Chinas P&C energy consumption (excluding NUH) by building types (2001-2016) 40Figure 26 Energy consumption of office buildings (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 40Figure 27 Distribution of office energy use intensity in China and Japan 42Figure 28 Energy consumption of commercial lodging buildings (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 42Figure 29 Number of hotels with different star-ratings (2001-2016) 43Figure 30 Energy consumption of mercantile buildings (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 44Figure 31 Energy consumption of educational buildings (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 4509ContentsFigure 32 Personal computer sets in primary and junior secondary schools(2004-2016) 45Figure 33 Energy consumption of health care buildings (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 46Figure 34 The bed utilisation ratio and number of visits to health facilities in China (2002-2016) 47Figure 35 Energy consumption of other P&C buildings (excluding NUH) (2001-2016) 48Figure 36 P&C buildings electricity use intensity by building types in Shanghai (2013-2017) 50Figure 37 P&C buildings electricity consumption by end-uses in Shanghai (2017) 50Figure 38 P&C buildings monthly electricity consumption in Shanghai (2017) 50Figure 39 P&C buildings electricity consumption by end-uses in Shenzhen (2016) 52Figure 40 P&C buildings monthly electricity consumption in Shenzhen (2016) 52Figure 41 P&C buildings (excluding NUH) energy consumption in target scenario 53Figure 42 Indicators for P&C buildings (excluding NUH) in the Standard 55Figure 43 Public buildings energy use intensity (2010-2017) 57Figure 44 The gap of the measured and predicted energy use intensity 60Figure 45 Measured AC use in a residential building in Beijing 61Figure 46 Six influencing factors on building energy use 62Figure 47 Main research activities, key issues to address, and main outcomes of ANNEX 66 63Figure 48 Energy-related OB influencing building energy consumption and comfort 64Figure 49 Simulated demands under different envelopes and OBs 65Figure 50 CBEM's boundary of China building energy use 70Figure 51 Modelling structure of China building energy model 72