中国重塑经贸 版图绿色视角 China remakes the map GREEN PERSPECTIVES 中国重塑经贸 版图绿色视角 China remakes the map GREEN PERSPECTIVES 2016.10中国重塑经贸版图：绿色视角 中国日益增长的国际地位亦对全球环境有着重 要的影响，但媒体上的相关报道并不多。从“走 出去”战略到如今的“一带一路”倡议，高达数十 亿的投资计划可能将从根本上重塑全球的基础 设施以及贸易与发展的模式。中外对话本期特 刊着眼于中国的海外影响，旨在推动“合作共赢” 之外，更好地了解中国的崛起及其环境影响。 chinadialogue CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES Chinas growing global importance has important, but under-reported, environmental impacts. Its “going out” strategy and, today, “One Belt, One Road” initiative, with many billions in investments planned, may fundamentally reshape global infrastructure and patterns of trade and development. This special issue of chinadialogues print journal focuses on Chinas impacts overseas, aiming to push beyond the rhetoric of “win-win cooperation” and better understand the new landscape of Chinas rise and its environmental effects. chinadialogue 联系我们 有关供稿请联系： ideaschinadialogue（English） ideaschinadialogue（中文） 有关在经济上支持中外对话请联系： supportchinadialogue 有关获得与中外对话进行合作项目的信息请 联系： infochinadialogue 有关咨询中外对话实习或者工作信息请联系： infochinadialogue CONTACT US For editorial submissions, please contact: ideaschinadialogue (English) ideaschinadialogue (中文) For information on how you can support chinadialogue financially, please contact: supportchinadialogue To receive information on chinadialogue partnership programmes, please contact: infochinadialogue To enquire about internships or jobs at chinadialogue, please contact: infochinadialogue WHAT IS CHINADIALOGUE chinadialogue is an independent, not-for-profit organisation based in London, Beijing, Delhi and Sao Paulo. chinadialogues primary vehicle is our website (chinadialogue), a unique bilingual platform which promotes a global understanding of the environmental impact of Chinas rise by publishing informed articles, commentaries and analysis by writers from inside and outside of China. We aim to inform, educate, and contribute to building a global consensus on fair and workable solutions. chinadialogue is now read in 208 countries and regions and in all regions of China. 关于“中外对话” “中外对话”是一个独立的非营利性组织，以 伦敦、北京、德里和圣保罗为中心开展工作。 “中外对话”的主要业务是其独特的完全双语 网站 （chinadialogue），它通过发表 精辟、原创的中外文章、评论和分析，促进世 界理解中国崛起带来的全球性生态环境影响， 进而共同寻求公平可行的全球环境问题解决之 道。 “中外对话”在很多机构的资助下运作，其中 包括英国环境、食品和农业事物部、壳牌（中 国）以及许多基金会。 “中外对话”对外投资特刊得到 亨利·鲁斯基金会的支持。 This journal was supported by LUCE (Henry Luce Foundation)4 CHINADIALOGUE 中国重新绘制地图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES 中国“走出去”的雄心壮志由来已久，早在近 20年前就已经成为一项官方政策。但过去一年 里，中国的海外联系得到了极大拓展。主要途 径有二：一是设立新的金融机构，如对所谓布 雷顿森林体系构成挑战的亚洲基础设施投资银 行（亚投行）和总部设在上海的新发展银行（ 通称为“金砖银行”）；二是在“一带一路”战略下 提出各项引人注目的贸易、投资和能源开发倡 议。 前者反映了中国在世界银行、国际货币基 金组织等一些国际组织中难以施展拳脚的困 境，同时上述这两个组织也日渐失去了他们的 代表性。后者是一个寻求欧亚联通与合作（“丝 绸之路经济带”）和海运网络扩展（“21世纪海上 丝绸之路”）的战略性倡议。该协议不仅是一个 新的宏伟外交政策，更体现了在“新常态”下，中 国将一部分过剩产能转移到新市场的愿望。所 谓“新常态”，即中国希望通过产业结构转型，实 现高质量、可持续发展的经济增长放缓期。 中国的经济放缓对世界经济影响巨大，但 大宗商品价格降低也给环境和治理改革带来 了一个机遇窗口。在这个不断变化的语境中， 我们在亨利·鲁斯基金会的慷慨资助下，奉上 本期特刊。本期特刊汇集了内容广泛的宝贵观 点，阐述了中国在发展融资、基础设施建设和 资源开发中的行动如何改变世界，以及这些经 验如何反过来开始改变中国的发展方式。 中国一再重申“共赢”合作，当前中资项目在 项目地的环境争议不容忽视，但是目前这方面 的报道仍然不足，在这个关键的节点，上需要 给予该问题更多关注。本期特刊分析和阐释了 从东欧到巴基斯坦中国资本是如何在全世界范 围内继续支持燃煤发电的；中国企业如何身陷 莫桑比克、巴西、圭亚那等国不可持续、而且 卷首语 山姆·吉尔 “中国一再重申“合作共 赢”，但中资海外项目的 环境争议不容忽视，媒体 在这方面的报道仍然不 足，在这个关键的节点上 我们应该予以更多关注” 经常是违法的森林采伐活动；中国远洋渔业船 队如何在补贴支持下过度捕捞；采掘业引导的 开发如何导致阿富汗冲突延续；以及中国在蒙 古资助修建的大坝为何会让“绿色丝路”出现问 题。 同时，本期特刊的文章也为读者呈现了新 的可能性。比如，尽管亚投行面临常驻董事 会缺位带来的挑战，但它对国际贷款标准的采 纳、以及非政府组织的参与有可能会达到意想 不到的程度；能源企业在海外与公民社会深入 接触，从而提升其声誉和安全；中国企业将采 纳新的最佳实践自愿标准；而最有希望的则是 中国投资可能会加速全世界的低碳转型。 的确，中国可以向着更好的方向改变形 势、重塑格局。由于在可再生能源技术领域的 持续投资，中国在风能和太阳能发电产品制造 和创新方面，已经成为全世界的领导者。顶尖 创新学者约翰·马修斯和谭浩最近总结说，这 标志着“一个具有划时代意义的新能源范式”的开 端。 在巴基斯坦的旁遮普省，佐菲·易卜拉欣 报道说，中国企业正在建设一座10万千瓦的光伏CHINADIALOGUE 5 中国重新绘制地图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES 发电场，这是中巴经济走廊460亿美元（3070亿 元）投资的第一个项目，也是世界最大太阳能 电厂的试点阶段。我们还发现中国技术和投资 正在加速印度和孟加拉国太阳能发电的腾飞， 横穿两国的蒂斯塔河上正在建造一座创新的漂 浮式太阳能电站。另一篇报道指出，中国主要 食品进口商承诺为国内提供来自可持续种植的 大豆。这一承诺将在遏制拉美森林破坏中发挥 重要作用。 在巴黎议定书后全球努力减缓气候变化、 中国继续努力在国内建设“生态文明”的语境下， 对上述案例的理解只会变得更加重要。我们希 望本期特刊中的文章能够深化这个理解。 作者简介：山姆·吉尔为中外对话执行主 编，苏塞克斯大学研究员及查塔姆研究所副研 究员，主编著作有中国与环境：绿色革命 （Zed Books2013年出版）。中国重塑经贸版图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES 6 CHINADIALOGUE Chinas ambition to “go out” is not new it is almost two decades since it first emerged as official policy. But the past year has seen the country significantly expand its overseas engagement: by supporting new financial institutions, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Shanghai-based New Development Bank (known as the “BRICS Bank”), which challenge the so-called Bretton Woods system, and by announcing significant trade, investment and resources extraction initiatives under the “One Belt, One Road” strategy. The former reflects the lack of progress in expanding Chinas role in international organisations, such as the World Bank and IMF, which appear increasingly unrepresentative. The latter which seeks to build connectivity and cooperation across Eurasia (the “Silk Road Economic Belt”) and an expanding network of sea lanes (the “21st-century Maritime Silk Road”) suggests not only a newly assertive foreign policy, but also a desire to shift some of Chinas overcapacity to new markets in the “new normal”: a period of slowing growth that China hopes will see a structural shift towards higher-quality, sustainable development. Chinas slowdown has had a big impact on the global economy. But low commodity prices could present a window of opportunity for environmental and governance reforms. In this changing context, we present this special edition of our print journal, generously supported by the Henry Luce Foundation, which presents a range of important perspectives on how Chinas activities in financing development, building infrastructure and extracting resources are changing around the world, and how these experiences are, in turn, starting to change Chinese approaches to development. Beyond the oft-repeated rhetoric of “win-win” cooperation, the environmental aspects of Chinas rise remain under-reported and require greater attention at this critical juncture. The reporting and analysis in this special issue explain how Chinese capital continues to support coal-fired power generation around the world, from eastern Europe to Pakistan; how Chinese companies are implicated in unsustainable and often illegal deforestation from Mozambique to Brazil and Guyana; how fuel subsidies support overfishing by Chinese distant water fishing fleets; how extractives-led development sustains conflict in Afghanistan; and why Chinese funded dams in Mongolia might call the “green Silk Road” into question. From the editor Sam Geall “Beyond the oft-repeated rhetoric of “win-win” cooperation, the environmental aspects of Chinas rise remain under-reported” But the articles in this issue also bring to light new possibilities: that the AIIB, for example, might embrace international lending standards and welcome NGO participation to an unexpected degree, even while its lack of a resident board presents a challenge; that energy companies may be 中国重塑经贸版图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES CHINADIALOGUE 7 engaging with civil society overseas to improve their reputation and security; that Chinese companies may embrace new voluntary standards of best practice; and perhaps most promisingly, that Chinese investment might speed the low-carbon transition around the world. Indeed, China could change the game and remake the map for the better. Thanks to sustained investment in renewable energy technologies, the country has emerged as world leader in manufacturing and innovating the products needed to generate electric power from the wind and the sun. Leading innovation scholars John Mathews and Hao Tan recently concluded that this could mark the beginning of “a new energy paradigm with epochal implications.” In Pakistans Punjab, Zofeen Ebrahim reports on the Chinese company building a 100-megawatt photovoltaic solar farm, the first energy project under the US$46 billion (307 billion yuan) China- Pakistan Economic Corridor, and the pilot stage of a plan to build the worlds largest solar farm. We also explore how Chinese technology and investment is accelerating the take-up of solar generation in India and Bangladesh, where an innovative floating solar plant is being built on the Teesta River. Another report explains how major Chinese food importers might play an important role in the fight against deforestation in Latin America by committing to supply their domestic market with sustainably sourced soya. In the context of global efforts to mitigate climate change after the Paris accord, and Chinas renewed drive to create an “ecological civilisation” at home, understanding these examples becomes only more important. We hope the articles in this special issue will advance that understanding. Sam Geall is executive editor of chinadialogue, Research Fellow at University of Sussex and an Associate Fellow at Chatham House. He edited China and the Environment: The Green Revolution (Zed Books, 2013).8 CHINADIALOGUE 中国重新绘制地图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES 目录 12 值得反思的中国海外煤炭项目 尽管中国高层领导人多次承诺，将帮助发 展中国家实现绿色增长，但中国一方面减 少了本国国内的煤炭使用，另一方面其国 有企业和银行却大举推动海外煤炭使用拓 张 贝丝·沃尔克 20 巴基斯坦扩大煤炭开采让塔尔沙漠村民 痛苦连连 由中方支持进行的塔尔沙漠煤炭开采与肮 脏能源电厂开发将让当地成千上万的贫困 居民背井离乡。同时，已经在干旱天气下 岌岌可危的地下水资源也可能就此耗尽 艾马尔·古里罗 26 亚投行在谨慎前行中彰显雄心 亚投行宣布的首批4个项目中，3个与其他 多边银行合作开展。随着越来越多国家的 加入，亚投行投资触角将突破“一带一路” 沿线国家 刘琴 32 亚投行为何需要常驻董事？ 一个常驻董事会将有助于解决公民社会中 的各种关切，亚洲开发银行前美国执行董 事罗伯特·奥尔在本文中指出。 罗伯特·奥尔 36 贝卢蒙蒂输电线项目将清除广袤植被 2000公里的输电线工程面临敏感的生物群 落和复杂的环境法律两大挑战 米尔顿·莱亚尔 40 中国协助巴基斯坦建造全球最大太阳 能电站 中国公司正在旁遮普沙漠中建造规模巨大 的太阳能电站，这会是解决巴基斯坦不断 加剧的能源危机的最有效方式吗 佐费恩·易卜·拉欣 50 贝加尔湖生态环境受到威胁，中国丝绸之 路项目叫停 尤金·西蒙诺夫认为，中国投资的大坝恐 对贝加尔湖生态系统造成破坏，凸显出新 丝绸之路沿线开发缺乏环境保障 西蒙诺夫·尤金 54 亚马逊热带雨林中即将崛起新城 一条由中国建设的西起秘鲁太平洋沿岸、 东到巴西大西洋沿岸的新铁路将横穿原著 居民聚居地，带动沿线多座新城的建设 米尔顿·利尔 59 中国赴缅投资面临更加强硬的法律 继饱受争议的密松水电站事件之后，昂山 素季对高风险项目投资者的要求愈发苛刻 薇姬·鲍曼 10 金融 38 基础设施中国重塑经贸版图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES CHINADIALOGUE 9 66 中国能帮莫桑比克挽救森林吗？ 莫桑比克正在进行姗姗来迟的打击腐败和 盗伐工作 宁卉 74 求解中国远洋渔业的“输血依赖症” 中国是否应该继续为远洋渔业提供燃油补 贴？该问题凸显了补贴政策与环保目标之 间的紧张关系 冯灏 78 非洲正影响着中国石油企业 苏丹和南苏丹不断升级的冲突正促使中印 两国的石油企业担负更大的责任 贝丝·沃尔克 83 非法青金石开采助长阿富汗塔利班组织 史蒂芬·卡特表示，作为青金石这一宝石 的主要终端市场，中国将有可能帮助缓解 阿富汗北部由矿业引起的冲突 史蒂芬·卡特 87 中国水泥业转战塔吉克斯坦 随着国内利润的枯竭，中国水泥企业在中 亚地区寻找新商机 德克·范德克雷 92 柏杉林，一家在圭亚那拥有多重利益的中 国采伐企业 鉴于这家主导企业正在进行利益转移，圭 亚那政府必须采取强制法律措施保护该国 林业环境 杰斯特·布尔坎 98 印度太阳能之梦仰仗中国出口 中国制造业产能过剩导致的太阳能光伏电 池和其他设备价格下滑，使得印度太阳能 产业获得迅猛发展 苏姆亚·萨卡尔 102 海外中国企业需要“行为准则” 海外中国企业应采用自愿性可持续标准， 以此提高自身形象，推动低碳发展 曹嘉涵 108 中国对可持续大豆的需求或有助于遏制 森林采伐 业内专家表示，通过向国内市场供应可持 续产品，中国的主要食品进口商能够在抗 击森林采伐过程中起到重要作用 阿达士·瓦帕戎尼 112 中国应该让环保标准也“走出去” 专家认为，推动“一带一路”战略实施，规 避企业海外投资风险，中国应当设置海外 投资环保标准 刘琴 116 书评：非洲养活中国？ 世界顶尖中非关系专家的最新著作揭穿了 关于中国在非洲投资的种种流言，并描绘 了中国投资者的“心理” 翁晓雪 70 资源 102 新参与者 中国重塑经贸版图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES 10 CHINADIALOGUE 16 China stokes global coal growth China cuts coal at home but state owned companies and banks drive new coal expansion overseas, despite top level promises of green growth for developing countries BETH W ALKER 23 Pakistans coal expansion brings misery to villagers in Thar desert Coal excavation will displace thousands of people already living in poverty and deplete groundwater in a region ravaged by drought AMAR GURIRO 29 China-led development bank careful to co-operate with critics AIIB is determined to avoid mistakes and “reputational damage” in its first projects LIU QIN 34 Why the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank needs resident directors The new bank could allay civil society concerns by bringing in a permanent board ROBERT ORR Contents 38 Belo Monte power lines will clear extensive vegetation 2,000km transmission line aims to navigate sensitive biomes and complex environmental laws MILTON LEAL 43 China helps Pakistan build worlds largest solar farm Chinese companies are building a massive solar power station in the Punjab desert, but is the project the most effective way of solving Pakistans escalating energy crisis? ZOFEEN T . EBRAHIM 52 Silk Road project suspended over threats to Lake Baikal The China-funded dam highlights lack of green safeguards along the New Silk Road EUGENE SIMONOV 56 Fears raised over new Amazon railroad A Chinese railway line linking the coastlines of Peru and Brazil will create towns and cut through indigenous settlements MILTON LEAL 62 China faces tougher laws in Myanmar In the wake of the controversial Myitsone dam, Aung San Suu Kyi is demanding more from investors involved in high risk projects VICKY BOWMAN 103 Finance 103 Infrastructure中国重塑经贸版图：绿色视角 CHINA REMAKES THE MAP: GREEN PERSPECTIVES CHINADIALOGUE 11 70 Can China help Mozambique fight defor estation? The southern African country is belatedly cracking down on corruption and illegal deforestation NING HUI 76 China s deep sea fishing industry r elies on fuel subsidies Chinas distant water fleets would be bankrupt without top ups to pay for diesel FENG HAO 80 How Africa is changing Chinese oil companies Conflict in Sudan and South Sudan has forced Chinese and Indian oil companies to become more responsible global citizens BETH W ALKER 85 Illegal mining for Chinese market fuels Taliban in Afghanistan China can help reduce conflict driven by mining of lapis lazuli in northern Afghanistan STEPHEN CARTER 89 China shifts polluting cement to Tajikistan Chinese cement companies are scouring Central Asia for new opportunities as profits dry up at home DIRK VAN DER KLEY 95 Bai Shan Lin: the Chinese logger with multiple interests in Guyana Government must enforce laws to ensure forest conservation as dominant company transfers interests JANETTE BULKAN 100 Indias solar dream rests on Chinese imports Indias rush to add solar power is being aided largely by a manufacturing overcapacity in China SOUMYA SARKAR 105 Chinese companies need “code of conduct” overseas Chinese companies building overseas should adopt voluntary sustainability standards to boost their image and drive low-carbon development CAO JIAHAN 110 Chinas taste for sustainable soya could help curb deforestation Saving the Amazon will depend partly on Chinas soya importers greening their supply chains ARDASH V AR TP ARONIAN 114 How to build environmental protection into New Silk Road Jin Jiaman of GEI suggests ways to improve environmental protection in Chinas One Belt, One Road infrastructure projects after the green finance gets backing from G20 leaders in Hangzhou LIU QIN 118 Book R eview: Will Africa feed China? The latest book by the worlds leading expert on China in Africa debunks the myths and presents the human side of Chinese investors WENG XIAOXUE 103 Resources 103 New players12 CHINADIALOGUE 金融 FINANCE 在国有银行贷款的支持下，许多中国国有 企业都开