Powered two- and three-wheeler safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: tra cwho.int Web: who.int/roadsafety/en/ ISBN 978-92-4-551192-2 ISBN 978-92-4-551192-2 © 2017 3.0 CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; creativecommons/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo 2017 CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO CIP apps.who.int/iris apps.who.int/bookorders who.int/about/licensing Inis Communication iniscommunication iii . v .vi . vii .1 . 3 .3 .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .5 .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .6 . 7 .7 . 8 1 .9 1.1 .11 1.2 . 11 1.2.1 . 14 1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2.3 .17 1.3 . 18 1.3.1 .18 1.3.2 . 20 1.3.3 . 21 1.3.4 . 22 1.3.5 . 22 1.4 . 22 1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.4.2 .26 1.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.4.4 .28iv 1.5 . 28 .31 . 31 2 .37 2.1 . 39 2.2 .40 2.3 .41 2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3.2 . 42 2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.4 .45 2.4 . 47 .48 . 48 3 .49 3.1 . 52 3.1.1 . 54 3.1.2 .68 3.2 . 69 3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .76 . 76 4 .83 4.1 .85 4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.3 .88 4.3.1 . 89 4.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.4 .90 4.4.1 .90 4.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 .91 . 93 v 28.6 23% Etienne Krug Barry Watson Saul Billingsley Jose Luis Irigoyen vi Saul Billingsley Gayle Di Pietro Dipan Bose Kidist Bartolomeos Meleckidzedeck Khayesi Kidist Bartolomeos Jane Elkington Alison HarveyRebecca IversLisa KeayMeleckidzedeck Khayesi Margie PedenTamitza Toroyan Edwin Bastiaensen Julie BrownMartha Hijar Kacem Iaych Lisa KeayNorfaizah binti Mohamad Khaidir Muhammad Marizwan bin Abdul MananEvelyn MurphyNam NguyenJoan Ozanne-Smith Jonathon PassmoreBrent PowisTeri Reynolds Eugenia Rodrigues Kamala SangamChamaiparn Santikan Dinesh SethiGeetam TiwariBlair TurnerGeetam TiwariBlair TurnerJohn Whitelegg Julie BrownGuoqing HuRebecca Ivers Lisa Keay Lisa Schonstein Edwin Bastiaensen Rafael J Consunji Pierre Maurice Victor PavarinoDavid Sleet Stephen Stacey Blair TurnerJoel Valmain Andres Villaveces John Whitelegg George Yannis Julie Reza Angela Burton Fabienne Jeanne Besson Angelita Dee Pascale Lanvers vii 125 i i 3 2004 (1) who.int/roadsafety/en/ 2015 2007125 (2) 4 3 3.6 2020 11 11.2 2030 (5) . (1) 201064/255 2011-2020 (3) (3) (4) (4) 3 11 (5) 5 (6)