Cassou, Jaffee, and RuThe Challenge of Agricultural PollutionThe Challenge of Agricultural PollutionEvidence from China, Vietnam, and the PhilippinesEmilie Cassou, Steven M. Jaffee, and Jiang RuDIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENTEnvironment and Sustainable DevelopmentThe Challenge of Agricultural PollutionThe Challenge of Agricultural PollutionEvidence from China, Vietnam, and the PhilippinesEmilie Cassou, Steven M. Jaffee, and Jiang RuDIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENTEnvironment and Sustainable DevelopmentThe Challenge of Agricultural Pollution dx.doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9© 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: worldbankSome rights reserved1 2 3 4 20 19 18 17 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrightsworldbank.ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1201-9ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1202-6DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9Cover photo: © keantian/Shutterstock. Used with permission of keantian/Shutterstock; further permission required for reuse.Cover design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.v The Challenge of Agricultural Pollution dx.doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9 ContentsForeword ixAcknowledgments xiAbout the Authors xiiiExecutive Summary xvAbbreviations xxxiIntroduction 1Context, Rationale, and Scope 1Road Map 4Notes 6References 6Chapter 1 Origins and Consequences of Farm-Level Pollution in Emerging East Asia 9Adverse Effects of Agricultural Pollution 9Farming as a Source of Pollution 29Structural and Policy Drivers of Farm Pollution 41Public Sector Responses to Date 50Summary 54Notes 57References 63Chapter 2 Tackling and Preventing the Problem 79Technical Solutions and Policy Instruments 79Strategic Directions for Effective Pollution Prevention and Control 83From Looming Crisis to Opportunity 109Summary 110Notes 112References 114vi ContentsThe Challenge of Agricultural Pollution dx.doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9BoxesES.1 Examples of Public Sector Instruments That Can Be Used to Address Agricultural Pollution xxivI.1 Study Road Map 51.1 The Benefits of Agricultural Intensification in East Asia 101.2 Valuing the Costs of “Runaway” Nitrogen 131.3 Drug Resistance Related to the Use of Antibiotics and Other Antimicrobials: A Global Health Crisis 161.4 When Biodiversity Suffers from Pollution 201.5 Aquaculture: A Polluted Polluter 261.6 Nutrient Pollution from Fertilizers, Feces, and Feed in Aquaculture 311.7 Fertilizer Use in East Asia 341.8 The Practice of Field Burning 381.9 “More Is Better” Orientations of Food and Agricultural Policy 421.10 The Responsiveness of Regional Agriculture to Growing and Shifting Demand: Trends in the Production of Major Agricultural Commodities in East Asia 431.11 Farm Size and Fertilizer Use 481.12 Livestock Operations: Small but Clustered and Intensive 491.13 Highlights from Chinas Sustainable Agricultural Development Plan 532.1 Examples of Public Sector Instruments That Can Be Used to Address Agricultural Pollution 822.2 Regional Agricultural Pollution Priorities 852.3 Redeploying Public Resources to Support the Production of Clean Food 862.4 The Chesapeake Bay Program: Lessons in Cross-Jurisdictional, Multistakeholder Collaboration 882.5 The European Unions Multipronged Approach to Tackling Nitrates, a Pervasive Agricultural Pollutant 902.6 Long Sticks and Flexibility: Manure Management in the Netherlands 912.7 Structural Aspects of Farm Sector Development That the Public Sector Can Try to Influence 952.8 Examples of Trade-Offs Implied by Structural Change 982.9 Cultivating Sustainable Diets through Food Culture, Business, and Science 1032.10 Examples of Critical Data and Evidence Gaps in the Philippines 1062.11 Precision Farming for Smallholders: Innovations and Challenges in China 1082.12 Four Strategic Directions for Effective Agricultural Pollution Prevention and Control 111Contents viiThe Challenge of Agricultural Pollution dx.doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9 FiguresI.1 Sources and Impacts of Farm Pollution: A Multifaceted and Complex Problem 3B1.1.1 Prevalence of Food Inadequacy: Selected Countries, 19902016 10B1.1.2 Trends in Cereal Production, Yield, and Harvested Area: China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, 19612013 11B1.2.1 Five Key Societal Threats of Reactive Nitrogen 131.1 Quality of Monitored Groundwater Sources: China, 2015 141.2 Ammonia Emissions from Agricultural and Other Sources: China, 19822012 18B1.4.1 Nitrogen Deposition and Species Richness in Europe 211.3 Breakdown of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions: China and Rest of East Asia, 2014 Estimates 241.4 Increases in Reported Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Vietnam, 19942010 241.5 Exotic Aquatic Animal Species Introduced into the Philippines, by Decade 32B1.7.1 Fertilizer Use per Hectare of Arable and Permanent Cropland: Selected Countries and Years 341.6 Pesticide Use per Hectare of Arable and Permanent Cropland: Selected Countries, 2014 or Latest Year Available 35B1.8.1 Burning of Crop Residues in Parts of East Asia, 2012 39B1.10.1 Agricultural Production, Main Commodities: East Asia, 19612013 44B1.10.2 Domestic Food Supply of All Animal Products: Selected Countries, 200011 451.7 Maize, Rice, and Wheat Production: China, 19812014 462.1 Impacts of Diet on Human and Ecosystem Health 962.2 Causal Chain from Farm Management to Pollution Impacts 105Maps1.1 Aerial View of Eutrophication in Chinas Lake Taihu and Yangtze River 151.2 Fires and Smoke in the Indochina Peninsula 191.3 Fire Counts in China, October 2014 191.4 Wheat Fires in the North China Plain, June 2012 191.5 The Spread of Plastic Mulch in China, 1991, 2001, and 2011 37Photo1.1 Green Tides along the Coast of Qingdao, China 28viii ContentsThe Challenge of Agricultural Pollution dx.doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9Tables1.1 Farm Activities and Management Practices with Pollution Consequences 291.2 Major Environmental Pollutants from Agriculture and Potential Hotspots: China, Vietnam, and the Philippines 401.3 Agricultural Pollution Priorities 56