What doctor?Why AI and robotics will define New HealthUpdated June 2017Click to launchNew Health We are entering a new era of health New HealthHealth matters. It matters to each of us as individuals and to society as a whole. It lies at the heart of our economic, political, social and environmental prosperity and is one of the largest industries in the world.Modern health systems can treat and cure more diseases than ever before. New technology is bringing innovation to old treatments. Yet significant quality, access and cost issues remain and our health systems are becoming increasingly unsustainable.What doctor? At the heart of this report is the emergence and increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics within and throughout this New Health ecosystem. We chose What doctor as our title for the report because during our research and the response to that research it has become increasingly clear that policy makers, payers, providers, educators and the public need to consider: What is the role of the AI/ robot doctor? What is the role of the human doctor?The answers to these two questions fundamentally impact clinicians and caregivers throughout healthcare. The answers will ultimately decide how we implement the use of AI and robots in developing our healthcare systems across the globe. We will specifically address these two questions in the next phase of our research initiative, but it is important to keep them in mind as we explore existing perceptions and attitudes towards AI and robotics in this report.IntroductionWould you allow a medical robot with artificial intelligence (AI) to examine, diagnose and prescribe a treatment plan for you or a member of your family with cancer? Would you accept a robot as your primary surgeon? And if you were to do so, what would the human clinician do?AI and robots have long been a theme in fiction. From Isaac Asimovs I, Robot in 1950 to Baymax, the care robot in Big Hero 6, weve long been fascinated with the possibilities for machines that can understand, reason and learn and help us to make better use of information.Just imagine that you had a hand-held scanner the size of your smartphone that could sense, compute and record your daily health status just like the Star Trek medical tricorder. What if it could make recommendations so that you could achieve and maintain your optimal physical or mental condition or detect anomalies early? Robots like Baymax and tricorder scanners are not science fiction. AI and robots that support, diagnose and treat people are already in homes, workplaces and clinical environments all over the world. And how we embrace AI and robotics to complement and enhance current healthcare services over the next ten years will define our ability to deliver a more responsive health service with improved health outcomes, while at the same time enabling people to take more control over their day-to-day health needs.ContinuedWhat doctor?Why AI and robotics will define New HealthIntroduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About ContactsIntroduction3. Information technology development in healthcare has been rapidly moving from products to services to solutions (Frost its in our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from Amazon that follow us around on the web; its the chatbot on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apples Siri processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by voice alone5. AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range of products and existing or emerging technology in side-bars or boxes that weve found during our research for these eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.Keeping wellOne of AIs biggest potential benefits is to help people stay healthy so they dont need a doctor, or at least not as often. The use of AI and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in consumer health applications is already helping people to manage their own healthcare and to keep themselves well through healthier living. For example, the Smart belt welt has a built-in mechanism that alerts the person when they overeat. It relies on a magnetic sensor to track waste size and tension to determine when the users may have over eaten and alerts the wearer. Further, IBM has announced three new consumer-focused partnerships, one of which is with Under Armour who will use Watson to power a cognitive coaching system.These applications and others (see Box-Out) all encourage healthier behaviour in individuals and help with the proactive management of a healthy lifestyle. It puts consumers in control of health and well-being. Additionally, AI increases the ability for healthcare professionals to better understand the day-to-day patterns and needs of the people they care for, and with that understanding they are able to provide better feedback, guidance and support for staying healthy although, as we have noted, the sheer volume of data is increasingly difficult for humans to deal with, or make sense of.Artificial Intelligence and Consumer Apps for keeping wellAI and RoboticsEarly DetectionDiagnosisDecision MakingTreatmentKeeping WellResearchEnd of Life CareTraining4 The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind. theringer/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa5 The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing. economist/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice What doctor?Why AI and robotics will define New HealthInvestment Findings Conclusion References About ContactsIntroduction TransformingKeeping well TreatmentDiagnosis ResearchEarly detection End of life careDecision-making TrainingNo longer science fiction, AI and robotics are transforming healthcareMost of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of our lives its in our cars, telling us when its time for the engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; its in our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from Amazon that follow us around on the web; its the chatbot on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apples Siri processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by voice alone5. AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range of products and existing or emerging technology in side-bars or boxes that weve found during our research for these eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.Keeping wellOne of AIs biggest potential benefits is to help people stay healthy so they dont need a doctor, or at least not as often. The use of AI and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in consumer health applications is already helping people to manage their own healthcare and to keep themselves well through healthier living. For example, the Smart belt welt has a built-in mechanism that alerts the person when they overeat. It relies on a magnetic sensor to track waste size and tension to determine when the users may have over eaten and alerts the wearer. Further, IBM has announced three new consumer-focused partnerships, one of which is with Under Armour who will use Watson to power a cognitive coaching system.These applications and others (see Box-Out) all encourage healthier behaviour in individuals and help with the proactive management of a healthy lifestyle. It puts consumers in control of health and well-being. Additionally, AI increases the ability for healthcare professionals to better understand the day-to-day patterns and needs of the people they care for, and with that understanding they are able to provide better feedback, guidance and support for staying healthy although, as we have noted, the sheer volume of data is increasingly difficult for humans to deal with, or make sense of.Artificial Intelligence and Consumer Apps for keeping wellAI and RoboticsEarly DetectionDiagnosisDecision MakingTreatmentKeeping WellResearchEnd of Life CareTraining4 The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind. theringer/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa5 The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing. economist/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice What doctor?Why AI and robotics will define New HealthInvestment Findings Conclusion References About ContactsIntroduction TransformingKeeping well TreatmentDiagnosis ResearchEarly detection End of life careDecision-making TrainingSmart Performance Apparel offers real-time biometrics, personalised programming, and customised reporting to help athletes reach their goals faster.Samsung Electronics offers consumers devices such as smartwatches and activity trackers, as well as their Tizen open-source operating system, which gives users quick access to their mobile devices and help them track their fitness.Lumo Lift is a posture monitoring device that alerts the person when their posture changes, thus providing the feedback necessary to ensure correct posture whether sitting or standing. Under Armour will use IBMs Watson to power a cognitive coaching system in an application that provides customised advice for sleep, fitness, activity and nutrition. The insights originate from three sources: crunching data from Under Armours 200 million-member Connected Fitness community, external academic research studies and institutions, and IBM Watson similarity analytics. Under Armour will be adding new capabilities including behavioural and performance management, food intake tracking and overall nutrition management as well as the effects of weather and environment on training. Pathway Genomics is developing an application that will provide customised health advice based on a users specific genetic makeup.Early detection AI is already being used to detect diseases, such as cancer, more accurately and in their early stages. For example, according to the American Cancer Society, 12.1 million mammograms are performed annually in the US, but a high proportion of these mammograms yield false results, leading to 1 in 2 healthy women being told they have cancer. The use of AI is enabling review and translation of mammograms 30 times faster with 99% accuracy, reducing the need for unnecessary biopsies as well as reducing the uncertainty and stress of a misdiagnosis6.The proliferation of consumer wearables and other medical devices combined with AI is also being applied to oversee early-stage heart disease, enabling doctors and other caregivers to better monitor and detect potentially life-threatening episodes at earlier, more treatable stages.On the horizon, Microsoft is developing computers programmed for use at a molecular level to start fighting cancerous cells as soon as they are detected. They are also doing research for using AI to interpret online search engine behaviour, for example, at the point where someone might research symptoms online long before they approach their physician.AI and Wearables for early detectionNo longer science fiction, AI and robotics are transforming healthcareMost of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of our lives its in our cars, telling us when its time for the engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; its in our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from Amazon that follow us around on the web; its the chatbot on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apples Siri processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by voice alone5. AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range of products and existing or emerging technology in side-bars or boxes that weve found during our research for these eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.AI and RoboticsEarly DetectionDiagnosisDecision MakingTreatmentKeeping WellResearchEnd of Life CareTraining4 The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind. theringer/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa5 The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing. economist/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice 6Wired (2016). wired.co.uk/article/cancer-risk-ai-mammogramsWhat doctor?Why AI and robotics will define New HealthInvestment Findings Conclusion References About ContactsIntroduction TransformingTreatmentDiagnosis ResearchEnd of life careDecision-making TrainingKeeping well Early DetectionEarly detection AI is already being used to detect diseases, such as cancer, more accurately and in their early stages. For example, according to the American Cancer Society, 12.1 million mammograms are performed annually in the US, but a high proportion of these mammograms yield false results, leading to 1 in 2 healthy women being told they have cancer. The use of AI is enabling review and translation of mammograms 30 times faster with 99% accuracy, reducing the need for unnecessary biopsies as well as reducing the uncertainty and stress of a misdiagnosis6.The proliferation of consumer wearables and other medical devices combined with AI is also being applied to oversee early-stage heart disease, enabling doctors and other caregivers to better monitor and detect potentially life-threatening episodes at earlier, more treatable stages.On the horizon, Microsoft is developing computers programmed for use at a molecular level to start fighting cancerous cells as soon as they are detected. They are also doing research for using AI to interpret online search engine behaviour, for example, at the point where someone might research symptoms online long before they approach their physician.AI and Wearabl