Page 1Find us at WHITE PAPER How 5G and IoT are Shaping the Automotive Industry The Internet of Things (IoT) enables transformational change in every industry, including automotive. The automotive industry can no longer disregard the significance of IoT. From connected cars to smart transportation systems, IoT is helping the automotive industry build next-generation vehicles. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is taking shape now. The smart cars we see today offer just a glimpse of what is coming soon. According to Statistas projection, connected vehicles will be the largest segment of the global 5G IoT endpoint market by 2023. This white paper discusses some of the benefits and limitations of the advanced technologies, shown in Figure 1, that will shape the future of transportation and the way we drive. Figure 1. Advanced technologies in a connected car Page 2Find us at Advanced Technologies Lay the Groundwork for Safer Roads A combination of a wide variety of advanced technologies, paves the way for the connected car ecosystem. sensor fusions with radio detection and ranging (RADAR), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and optical sensors (cameras) information systems that integrate automotive Ethernet networking, powerful signal processing, high definition (HD) mapping with high precision navigation, and artificial intelligence (AI) communication for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-network (V2N), vehicle- to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), vehicle-to-utility (V2U), and eventually vehicle-to-everything (V2X) The need for better road safety, reduction in traffic congestion, and improvement in sustainability are what drives the evolution of these advanced technologies toward connected vehicles and, ultimately, autonomous vehicles. Sensing technologies and AI are delivering a state-of-the-art, 360-degree vision for safe, reliable autonomous driving systems. Wireless communications will play a critical role in keeping the entire ecosystem of vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians in sync. These technologies reduce risk by sharing and receiving important safety information a surrounding vehicles position, a pedestrians movements, traffic information, and road conditions. This data also helps autonomous vehicles and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) perform optimally. The two primary dedicated wireless communication standards that enable V2X communication are short-range communication (DSRC) and cellular-V2X (C-V2X). DSRC utilizes the IEEE 802.11p standard and is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard. The IEEE 802.11p standard adds wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE). DSRC enables over-the-air data transmission and communication between vehicles and infrastructure, such as roadside access points. It does not depend on the cloud or cellular infrastructure. Rather, it communicates directly with other vehicles and transportation infrastructure in its vicinity. C-V2X uses 3GPP standardized 4G long term evolution (LTE) or 5G mobile cellular connectivity to send and receive signals from a vehicle and other smart devices, including other vehicles and traffic control systems. C-V2X can function without network assistance and has a range exceeding a mile, even in areas without mobile network connections. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 615,000 motor vehicle crashes could be prevented each year, using V2V technology. Page 3Find us at Both DSRC and C-V2X operate on the 5.9 GHz band. Unfortunately, DSRC radios and C-V2X radios are not interoperable due to the differences in the electronics. DSRC typically works within the range of 300 m, although studies have proven that an extended range of up to 1,000 m is possible. By comparison, C-V2X technology has an estimated 30% more range than DSRC and superior obstruction performance. The struggle between DSRC and C-V2X for widespread adoption is still ongoing. In 2004, a dedicated allocation of 75 MHz spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for DSRC automotive purposes occurred. The fully-designed and viable DSRC is currently undergoing testing in several major cities. With the automotive industrys continuous efforts to develop autonomous and connected vehicles, the C-V2X market is preparing for a massive surge in demand over the next few years. Some automakers believe there is more potential with C-V2X, especially with 5G wireless technology evolving. Adoption of 5G for Improved V2X and Autonomous Applications 5G networks will coexist and continue to work alongside the existing 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE technologies. This coverage is essential for areas that have poor reception or are prone to blackouts. When your device drops a 5G signal, it will fall back on 4G LTE. C-V2X technology will integrate with the mobile roadmap and be forward-compatible with 5G technology; it will meet the 3GPP standard and work with the existing 5G infrastructure. With 5G, C-V2X technology will host a plethora of advanced safety features to accelerate the development of connected and automated driving, ultra-reliable low- latency communication (URLLC) to ease high-density platooning and dynamic mapping supported by cameras and sensor data. The ability of 5G networks supporting a higher number of connections in a compact area will enable vehicles to obtain more data regarding their surroundings to mitigate the risk of accidents. These advances strengthen C-V2X technologys potential for fully autonomous vehicles to transform the future of transportation and roads. Page 4Find us at Five Ways Communications Transform Your Driving Experience Predictive maintenance Predictive maintenance identifies vehicle issues before it happens. In-vehicle sensors will monitor the vehicles battery, fuel pump, and starter motor to collect and transmit performance data to a cloud server. Combining this data using artificial intelligence (AI) and additional vehicle data stored in the cloud will predict potential maintenance issues that are usually difficult for a human to notice using information from previous repairs. In a fully-connected environment, drivers, or even the vehicle itself, can send a maintenance alert to the mechanics. The mechanics will use predictive data analytics to deliver recommendations to drivers via a connected device or through the vehicles display. V2C communications will enable over-the-air software updates and remote diagnostics. Drivers can take proactive steps in maintaining the vehicle to avoid possible failure while driving. Advanced infotainment The infotainment system is a collection of systems that delivers entertainment and vehicle data to the drivers and passengers for a safe and comfortable drive. It integrates with other in-vehicle and external systems, such as an integrated head unit, connectivity modules, and integrated automotive sensors. With the increasing demand for safer and more luxurious smart vehicles, automotive manufacturers are moving towards implementing AI, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) applications for a more immersive in-vehicle infotainment experience. Some of the key features of in-vehicle infotainment systems include smartphone pairing, high- resolution touch screen, advanced vehicular functions, and multimedia support. Telematics and fleet management Telematics refers to the long-distance transmission of computerized data. Through telematics, the driver has an overall view of their vehicle even from remote locations. Automotive telematics systems can track real-time details of the vehicle like speed and idling, fuel usage, tire pressure, vehicle status, and more. The temperature-controlled transport industry uses data to help fleet managers optimize travel routes, reduce operational expenses, increase fleet security and driver safety, and manage remote maintenance. Temperature monitoring with cargo sensors will maintain the correct temperature for perishable food fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat, and fish. Page 5Find us at Traffic safety service 5G and IoT enable real-time information sharing on traffic and road conditions among road users, and pedestrians. IoT sensors in closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras along highways and bridges continuously collect data to help predict and alleviate traffic congestion before it occurs. Data collected using a 5G-based infrastructure consisting of roadside sensors 5G communication devices embedded in cars and smart devices on pedestrians and cyclists send and store data from these technologies to the cloud. Applications and systems that analyze the real-time data will warn drivers about hazardous road conditions and traffic congestion in real time. A sustainable future Data from vehicles, road sensors, smart traffic lights, streetlights, and smart parking meters can reveal a great deal of information about the city. City governments can use this data to create a greener environment. For example, IoT connected streetlights can track movements on the road and sunlight to determine light requirements, instead of having it pre-programmed to turn on at a specific time of the day even when there are no road users. This data will help the city save on electricity consumption. Rerouting vehicles using real-time information will alleviate traffic congestion while reducing carbon emissions. Challenges of the Connected Car Data Explosion The emergence of automotive innovations has also opened the door to threats beyond the car itself. As the autonomy level of a car increases from L0, where drivers have full control over the car to L4, a fully autonomous car the data generated by sensors in the car will increase significantly. Todays consensus is that an autonomous car will generate a large amount of data, anywhere from 5 TB / day to 32 TB / day. Multiplied by the forecasted numbers of connected cars, the volume of data generated will be enormous. As vehicles become more connected to networks, hackers will have more opportunities to breach vehicle systems. For example, connecting your smartphone through a USB port in the car provides a backdoor for hackers to access critical information controlling your vehicle. It might compromise the car and lead to loss of life. To ensure the drivers safety and improve the driving experience, automotive manufacturers should perform security testing that covers all access interfaces against vulnerabilities. Cloud-based communications companies will need to focus their investments on data storage and processing infrastructure that is secure and reliable to safeguard data from cyber threats. According to automotive supplier, Bosch, connected cars could save 400,000 tons of CO 2 emissions a year by 2025. Page 6 This information is subject to change without notice. Keysight Technologies, 2020 - 2021, Published in USA, April 5, 2021, 7120-1287.EN Find us at Learn more at: For more information on Keysight Technologies products, applications or services, please contact your local Keysight office. The complete list is available at: Strengthening the Automotive Paradigm The modern automobile is becoming a sensor-loaded IoT device. Advanced communication systems, onboard computing power, and cloud-based data storage have created the foundation for a more efficient, safer, sustainable, and autonomous future. Like any other IoT device, rigorous design and test are paramount to ensure the sensor is robust and resilient. It requires design engineers and device manufacturers to address the 5 C challenges across the entire device lifecycle: connectivity, continuity, compliance, coexistence, and cybersecurity. Accurate and precise test and measurement solutions are available to deliver safe and reliable vehicles. Learn more about Keysights IoT and connected car test and measurement solutions. Keysight is an active contributing member of the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), working with more than 130 industry participants to collaborate with leaders of the wireless communication and automotive industries. 5GAA is a global, cross- industry organization of companies from the automotive, technology, and telecommunications industries, whose mission is to have vehicles share information to make transportation safer and eco-friendly. 5GAA also aims to develop, test, and promote communication solutions to initiate industry standards to accelerate commercial availability to address globally connected mobility and road safety needs.