智慧城市中的数字孪生.pdf
Digital Twins in Smart City A bridge between the physical and virtual world 现 实 世 界 与 虚 拟 世 界 之 间的 桥 梁 Digital Twins in Smart City 智慧城市中的数字孪生数字 孪生奠定了 发展智 能服 务为现实世 界服务 的基 础。 Digital twins set the foundation on which smart services could be developed to serve the physical world. Being one of the top 10 strategic technology trends as rated by Gartner, digital twins are recognised by public organisations as an effective tool to city planning and management. This paper presents our views on the benefits of digital twins, a model for assessing the approach for development of a fit-for-purpose digital twin, a development framework outlining key elements of a digital twin ecosystem and examples of how digital twins have been used in other cities. The paper also discussed common challenges encountered when implementing digital twins as well as the way forward and opportunities for digital twin development in the Greater Bay Area (GBA). 数字 孪 生 是Gartner 评 选 的 十 大 战 略 技 术 趋 势 之 一 , 被 公 共 机 构 公 认 为 是 城 市 规 划 和 管 理 的 有 效工具 。 本 文 介 绍 了 普 华 永 道 对 数 字 孪 生 的 好 处的看法 , 展 示 用 于 构 建 切 合 需 要 的 数 字 孪 生 的评估模型 , 概 述 数 字 孪 生 生 态 系 统 关 键 要 素 的发展框架 , 以 及 其 他 城 市 如 何 应 用 数 字 孪 生 的案例 。 本 文 还 探 讨 了 在 实 施 数 字 孪 生 时 常 见 的挑战 , 以 及 大 湾 区 进 行 数 字 孪 生 发 展 的 前 景 和机遇 。 Digital Twins in Smart City 1 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生What is a digital twin A digital twin is a digital model or replica of a physical asset, be it a product, an organisation, a public infrastructure or even an entire city. It has a wide range of applications from conducting diagnostics on organisational health, augmenting service designs to enabling more effective city management. In the context of a smart city, a digital twin of the city continuously collects information from the built environment (via technologies such as sensors, drones, or mobile devices). It is made possible with the use of remote communication technologies such as WiFi and Bluetooth as well as through Internet of Things (IoT) sensors that gather data from the physical world to reconstruct an identical digital copy of the city. Apart from IoT, the use of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, machine learning and advanced analytics also enhance the accuracy and dynamism of this replica, allowing static, historical and real- time data to be processed and synthesised almost immediately to provide valuable insights about the performance of the city. Therefore, a digital twin can be considered as a “strategy accelerator” that facilitates public sector organisations to identify insights and connections more effectively, and to drive to better solutions with more confidence. 数字孪生是产品 , 机构, 公共基础设施甚至整 个城市的数字模型或实物资产的副本 。 它 具 有 广泛的应用 从 对 机 构 进 行 监 测 , 增 强 服 务 设计到实现更有效的城市管理 。 在 智 慧 城 市 的 背景下, 城 市 的 数 字 孪 生 不 断 ( 通过传感器 , 无人机或 移动装置 等 的 技 术 ) 从 建 筑 环 境 中 收 集信息。 通 过 使 用 远 程 通 信 技 术 ( 例如WiFi 和 蓝牙) , 物联网 (IoT ) 传 感 器以 及 从 现 实世界 收集数据 , 能实现构建与城市相同的数字副本 。 除物联网外 , 运用大数据 , 人 工 智 能 (AI ) , 云计算, 机 器 学 习 和 分 析 的 功 能 , 亦 可 提 高 数 字副本的准确性和动态性 , 令 数 字 副 本 可 实 时 处理和汇总静态 , 历 史 和 实 时 数 据 , 提 供 有 关 城市表现的见解 。 因此, 数字孪生可被视为 “ 战略加速器 ” , 促 进 公 共 部 门 机 构 更 有 效 地 洞察数据与城市管理的关联 , 并 为 公 共 机 构 推 动更佳的解决方 案注入信 心 。 什 么 是 数 字 孪 生 Digital Twins in Smart City 2 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生Harnessing the power of data and real-time simulation to build insight-driven public sector organisations In the face of intensifying global competition and growing complexity in urban challenges, cities are encountering increasing pressure for more efficient resource allocation and proper city management. In fact, there is growing recognition amongst public sector organisations from around the world on the value of leveraging real time digital data for monitoring performance of existing public services, improving city planning and optimising decision making of policy makers. By feeding different sources of dynamic data to a digital twin, there is potential for this replica to testbed ideas or simulate what-if scenarios for the facilities, processes and city landscape which one wished to change before actually putting actual resources behind real-world implementation. Such an exercise allows for identification of potential issues in any proposed plans or initiatives before they actually happen, thus allowing organisations to further tailor their actions and mitigate the risks early on. From a city management perspective, a digital twin of a building or even an entire city can greatly assist in urban planning as well as the operation and maintenance (O Data storing, processing and Data usage through applications that are able to translate data inputs into valuable insights and provide real-time diagnostic of situation. 支持 数 字 孪 生 的 构 建 和 采 用 所 需 的 基 础 建设包 括: 数据收集和生产 : 通 过 传 感 器 ( 由设备管理 平台管理 ) , 移 动 装置和智能追踪设备 , 进 行数据 收集和 生产 ; 数据传输 :通 过连 接网 络进行 数据 传输; 数据存储 、 处理和交换: 通 过 平 台 汇 整 来 自 各个数据点和系统的数据 , 进行数据存储, 处理和 交换 数据使用: 通 过 应 用 程 序 进 行 数 据 使 用 , 这 些应用程序可以将数据整合并输入转换为有 价值的 见解以 及提 供实 时状况 诊断 。 Protecting privacy and security are key to establish trust in a digital world. 保 护 隐 私 和 安 全 是 在 数字世界 中 建 立 信 任 的关键 。 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生 7The concept of digital twins has immense potential to be applied across different industries, sectors and cities in order to optimise productivity and performance. The diagram below shows the potential use cases of digital twins in both public and private sectors, and how individuals interact with it: 数字 孪 生 的 概 念 具 有 巨 大 的 潜 力 , 可 以 在 不 同 的 行 业 , 部 门 和 城 市 中 应 用 , 以 优 化 生 产 力 和 性 能 。 下 图 显 示 了 公 营 和 私 营 部 门 中 数 字 孪 生 的 潜 在 使 用 案 例 , 以 及 个 人 与 数 字 孪 生的互动: 为 什 么 选择 数 字 孪 生 来自世界各地的例子 Why digital twins examples from around the world Potential use cases 数字孪生的潜在使用案例 City management Urban planning and designing Public safety Virtual test-bedding to validate provision of services, e.g. 3D modelling of the new Sport Hub with semantic information to simulate crowd dispersion to establish evacuation procedures during an emergency; Planning and decision making, Virtual Singapore is a holistic and integrated platform to develop analytical applications, e.g. apps to analyse transport flows and pedestrian movement patterns; and R 以 虚 拟 测 试 进 行 服 务 验 证 , 例如Sport Hub 的3D 建模, 可模拟人群分散情况 , 并建立在紧急情况下疏散程序; 规划和决策;Virtual Singapore 是分析应 用程序的平台 , 例如分析交通流量和行人 运动方式的应用程序; 和 研发,将数据提供给研究团体 ,以革新建 立新技术的能力 。 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生 9New South Wales Government of Australia has launched a virtual 4D model of Western Sydney areas built and natural environment, with data such as buildings, strata plans, terrain, property boundaries, and utilities (e.g. power, water and sewer pipes). The 4D model is a 3D depiction with the addition of time so that users can create models based on historical or future scenarios. The model has brought great benefits as it enables: 澳大利亚新南威尔士州政府已启动了悉尼西 部 地 区 建 筑 和 自 然 环 境 的 虚 拟4D 模型,其中 包含建筑物 , 地层平面图 , 地形 , 物业边界 和公用事业 ( 例如电力 , 自 来 水 和 下 水 道 ) 等数 据 。4D 模型 是带 有时 间 的3D 描绘, 因此 用户可以根据历史或未来场景创建模型 。 该 模型具 有以下 重大 优点 : Urban planners, developers and policymakers to make more informed decisions and to enable integrated city planning; Data from public agencies and private sector to be brought together, hence enabling the government to better communicate plans for infrastructure development; and Better prediction and management of traffic congestion, monitoring of land cover and structural changes, bushfire prediction. 城市规划师,地产商和政策制定者做出更 明智的决策,并实现整合的城市规划; 将公营机构和私营部门的数据汇整 , 使 政府能 够 更 好 地 传 达 基 础 建 设 的 发 展 计 划;和 更好地预测和管理交通拥堵 , 监测土地覆 盖和结构变化,以及预测山火 。 10 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生Amaravati, India is the first greenfield city borne out of digital twin. It enables planners, architects, engineers, and policy makers to work in unison towards achieving collective design, policy, social, and financial goals. Scenarios are developed in advance to optimize outcomes, also adjusted on the fly to keep pace with change. New digital services and functions planned to be included as part of the digital twin include: Real-time construction progress monitoring, environmental and wellness monitoring, et al. via ubiquitous, multi-nodal IoT sensors; Advanced mobility and traffic monitoring and simulations; Advanced microclimate and climate change monitoring and simulations; Digital “drag and drop” building permit submissions; Digital zoning, setback, environmental, traffic, and other statutory compliance-related preliminary analysis; and Digital twin user ID scheme for every Amaravati citizen that will serve as a single citizen portal for all government information, notifications, forms, and applications. 印度阿马拉瓦蒂(Amaravati ) 是第一个由 数 字 孪 生 衍 生 的 发 展 中 城 市 。 它 使 规 划 人 员 , 建筑师, 工 程 师 和 政 策 制 定 者 能 够 齐 心 协力实现集体设计 , 政策 , 社会和财务目 标 。 预 先 建 立 场 景 以 优 化 结 果 ,并配合变化 进行实时的调整。 计 划 纳 入 数 字 孪 生 的 新 数 字化服务和功能包括: 实时 施 工 进 度 监 控 , 环 境 和 健 康 监 控 等 。 通过无处不在的多节点物联网传感器; 流动性和交通监控及模拟; 先进的微气候和气候变化监测与模拟; 数字建筑许可证提交; 数字分区规划, 障碍,环境,交通和其他 合规相关的初步分析;和 Amaravati 公 民 的 数 字 孪 生 用 户ID 方案 , 将成为单一便民窗口 ,用作处理所有 政府信 息,通知,表格和应用程序 。 11 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生While the application of digital twins is promising, it comes with a whole set of challenges that both public and private organisations may encounter when developing and executing the strategy. Some common challenges include: Vision Establishing a clear vision and KPIs Implementation of digital twins can be a resource-intensive exercise involving a wide range of stakeholders. Establishing common understanding of the vision of such implementation and developing a set of performance indicators are key to a successful digital twin implementation. Implementation coordination Vision is just the start, delivery is the hard part. At present, Governments are facing challenges like too much choice and too many cooks. Cities need to have an effective mechanism to coordinate and govern the approach to and contents of digital twin implementation. 尽管数字孪生的应用前景广阔 , 但 是 公 共 和 私 人机构在制定和执行该策略时亦可能遇到一系 列挑战。 一些常见的挑战包括: 愿景 建立清晰的愿景和关键绩效指标 数 字 孪 生的实施可能会动用大量资源 , 并 牵 涉 不 同 领域的持份者。 建立对此类实施愿景的共 识 , 并制定一套绩效指 标 , 对 于 成 功 实 施 数 字 孪生至关重要。 实施协调 愿 景 只 是 起 点 , 而 交 付 才 是 困 难的部分 。 目前, 各 国 政 府 面 临 的 挑 战 包 括 过多的选择和过多的声音 。 因此 , 城 市 需 要 有一个有效的机制来协调和管理数字孪生实 施的方法和内容。 数 字 孪 生 是 智 慧 城 市 发展的 基 础 , 但 亦不 可 避 免地 Digital twins underpin Smart City development, but inevitably come with challenges 面 临挑 战 12 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生Data Quality and sufficiency of data Historic data may be duplicative or lack the level of detail and accuracy needed for use with the desired Digital Twin Model and technological solutions such as AI. Willingness to share data Stakeholders may be reluctant to share data with other parties, especially sensitive or personal data. A robust accountability framework (discussed below) would be required to encourage sharing of data while offering a sufficient degree of protection to those parties sharing data. Data standards Lack of consistent data standards and rules for collecting data, creating difficulty for different units to share data, create synergies through collaboration and maximise the value of data. Updated information The need for systematic updating mechanism to constantly update static object and scanning of new objects to ensure accuracy of digital twins in real world representations for accurate decision making. Talent Competition for talent While technology such as AI can do more with less manpower, mores specialised professional such as data scientists/ engineers and architects will be needed to make sense of the abundance of information. 数据 数据的质量和充分性 历史数据可能有所重 复 , 或缺少与数字孪生模型和AI 之类的技术 解决方案匹配的的细节和准确程度 。 共享数据的意愿 持份者未必愿意与其他各 方共享数据, 尤其是较为敏感的数据或个人 数据。 因此, 需要有一个强而有力的问责框 架 ( 如下所述) 来鼓励数据共享, 同时为共 享数据的各方提供足够程度的保护 。 数据标准 缺乏一致的数据标准和规则来收 集数据, 导致不同部门难以共享数据 , 无法 通过协作创造协同效益 , 及最大化数据价 值 。 更新信息 需要一套系统更新机制来不断更 新静态对象并扫描新出现的对象 , 以确保与 现实世界对应的数字孪生的准确性 , 从而做 出准确的决策。 人才 人才竞争 尽管AI 等技术可以用更少的人力 资源来做更多的事情 , 事实上仍需要大量的 专业人员( 例如数据科学家/ 工程师和建筑 师 ) 来梳理海量的信息 。 13 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生Accountable, Security and Privacy Information security and privacy From capture, enrichment, maintenance, usage, archiving and purging, the entire data lifecycle must be secured against malicious actors and violation of privacy rights. Accountability Lack of an accountability framework such as open data licence of data issue, evolving regulations pertaining to privacy and cybersecurity, conditions of use and liability of parties as well as IP rights will have implications on the design and execution of digital twin applications. Technology Technology platforms Different units may adopt a diversity of legacy systems or software with limited functionality for exchanging and/or sharing data, resulting in challenges in rapidly identifying useful information from the data, integration of different data sets such as geo-information system and building information management. Sensor deployment Brown field deployment by retrofitting on existing infrastructure and network might present more challenges than green field deployment of sensors, to ensure integration of sensor devices and network. Device Management With the number of internet-connected devices reaching 30 billion by 2020 (source: IDC), challenges lie in the provisioning and authentication, configuration and control, constant monitoring and diagnostics, and timely software updates and maintenance. 问责 ,安全 和私 隐 信息安全和私隐 从获取,充实,维护 ,使 用 , 归档和清除 , 整 个 数 据 生 命 周 期 必 须 确 保免受恶意行为者和侵犯私隐权的侵害 。 问 责制 缺 乏 问 责 制 框 架 , 例 如 数 据 发 布 的开放数据许可证;与私隐和网络安全有关 而不断更新的法规;各方的使用条件和责 任;以及知识产权 , 将 对 数 字 孪 生 应 用 程 序 的设计和执行产生影响 。 技术 技术平台 不 同 的 部 门 可 能 会 采 用 功 能 有 限的旧版系统或软件作交换和/ 或共享数据 , 导致无法快速识别数据或数据集 ( 例 如 地 理 信息系统和建筑信息 )内的有用信息。 传感器部署 通 过 对 现 有 基 础 建 设 和 网 络 进行改造来进行棕地部 署 , 可 能 比 新 发 展 区 土地部署传感器面临更多挑战 , 以 确 保 传 感 器设备和网 络的整合 。 设 备 管 理 到2020 年 , 与 互 联 网 相 连 的 设 备数量将达到300 亿 (来源:IDC ) ,其挑战 在于身份验证, 配 置 和 控 制 , 持 续 的 监 测 和 诊断以及及时的软件更新和维护 。 14 Digital Twins in Smart City 智 慧城市 中的数 字孪生While digital twins promise vast benefits to both public and private sectors, it also poses implementation challenges which requires prudent planning and considerations before the benefits could be realised. When considering digital twins for smart city implementation, four key implementation considerations are outlined below: 1. Clear vision and KPIs Stakeholders have to establish common understanding of the expected outcomes associated with the implementation of digital twins (having due regard to resource constraints) and develop an appropriate set of KPIs reflecting the benefits to be delivered by digital twins. 2. Stock-take on existing digital twins and data Being able to synchronise and integrate existing data, which may be presented in different formats and housed in different systems with different levels of granularity, is key to building a successful model that accurately reflect historical and current information for future scenario planning. A stock-taking exercise of digital twins and data would be beneficial in understanding the current landscape of adoption and data available to support future implementation. 3. Data governance stocktaking data that are of