<p>2018John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey D. SachsThe World Happiness Report was written by a group of independent experts acting in their personal capacities. Any views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization, agency or programme of the nullited nulltions.Table of ContentsWorld Happiness Report 2018Editors: John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs Associate Editors: Jan-Enullannulll De nullnulle, HaifannullHnullnnulland Shnull nullannull1 Happiness and Migration: An Overview &nbsp;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey D. Sachs2 International Migration and World Happiness &nbsp;. . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 John F. Helliwell, HaifannullHnullnnull Shnull nullannulland Hnullh Shinullett3 &nbsp;Do International Migrants Increase Tnullir Happiness &nbsp;and Tnullt onullTnullir nullanulllies nullnullMigratingnull &nbsp;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .null nullrtinull Hendrinull, nullrtinull J. nullrnullr, Jnullie Ray and nullli Esinullnullanull Rnullalnullrnulln Migration and Happiness in nullina &nbsp;. . . . . . . . . . . .null &nbsp;John nullinullt and Ranullni nullnatilanullanull &nbsp;Happiness and International Migration in &nbsp;nulltin Anullrica &nbsp;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8null Carol nullahanulland nulllena nullnullolonullanull Happiness in nulltin Anullrica Has nullcial nullonulldations &nbsp; . . . . . . .11null nullriano Ronullsnull Anullricanulls Healtnullnullisis and tnull nullsterlin nullaradonull &nbsp;. . . . . . . .1null Jeffrey D. SachsAnnenull Migrant Acceptance Indenull Do Migrants Have nulltter nullves in nullonulltries Tnullt Accept Tnullnullnull &nbsp; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1null nullli Esinullnulla, Jnullie Ray, John Flenullnnulland Anita nullnullliese23Chapter 1Happiness and Migration: An OverviewJohn F. Helliwell, Vancouver School of Economics at &nbsp;the University of British Columbia, and Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchRichard Layard, Wellbeinnullnullonullamme, Centre for &nbsp;Economic nullerformance, at the nullondon School of &nbsp;Economics and nullolitical ScienceJeffrey D. Sachs, nullrector, SnullSnull and nullrector, Center &nbsp;for Sustainable nullvelopment, Columbia UniversityThe authors are grateful to the Ernesto Illy Foundation and the Canadian &nbsp;Institute for Advanced Research for research support, and to Gallup for data &nbsp;access and assistance. The authors are also grateful for helpful advice and &nbsp;comments from Claire Bulger, Jannullmmanuel null nullve, nullli Esposito, &nbsp;Carol Graham, Jon nullll, nullrtinull nullndricnull, nullifang nullang, nullrie nullAuliffe, &nbsp;Julie Ray, nullrtin Ruhs, and nullun nullang.World Happiness Report 2018Increasingly, with globalisation, the people of the world are on the move; and most of these migrants are seeking a happier life. But do they achieve it? That is the central issue considered &nbsp;in this 201nullnullorld nullppiness nulleport.But what if they do? The migrants are not the only people affected by their decision to move. Two other manullr groups of people are affected by migrationnullnullthose left behind in the area of origin, andnullthose already living in the area of destination.This chapter assesses the happiness consenullences of migration for all three groups. nulle shall do this separately, nullst for ruralnullrban migration within countries, and then for international migration. Rural-Urban Migrationnullralnullrban migration within countries has been far larger than international migration, and remains so, especially in the developing world. There has been, since the nullolithic agricultural revolution, a net movement of people from the countryside to the towns. null bad times this trend gets partially reversed. But in modern times it has hugely accelerated. The timing has differed in the various parts of the world, with the biggest movements linked to boosts in agricultural productivity combined with opportunities for employment elsewhere, most frenullently in an urban setting. null has been a manullr engine of economic growth, transferring people from lower productivity agriculture to higher productivity activities in towns.null some industrial countries this process has gone on for two hundred years, and in recent times ruralnullrban migration within countries has been slowing down. But elsewhere, in poorer countries like nullina, the recent transformation from rural to urban living has been dramatic enough to be called nullthe greatest mass migranulltion in human historynull nuller the years 1null0null01nullthe nullinese urban population has grown by nullnullmillion, of whom roughly half are migrants from villages to towns and cities.1By contrast, over the same period the increase in the number of international migrants in the entire world has been null million, less than half as many as rural &nbsp;to urban migrants in nullina alone. Thus internal migration is an order of magnitude larger than international migration. But it has received less attention from students of wellbeing nulleven though both types of migration raise similar issues for the migrants, for those left behind, &nbsp;and for the populations receiving the migrants.The shift to the towns is most easily seen by looking at the growth of urban population in developing countries nullsee Table 1.1null Between 1null0 and 201nullthe fraction of people in these countries who live in towns rose from nullnullto nearly nullnull and the numbers living in towns increased by over 1,null0 million people. nullpart of this came from natural population growth within towns or from villages becoming towns. But at least half of it came from net migration into the towns. null the more developed parts of the world there was also some ruralnullrban migration, but most of that had already happened before 1null0.Table 1.1nullnullange in tnull Urban nullopulation in nullnulleloping &nbsp;nullountries 1null0null01nullnullange &nbsp;in urban populationnullange &nbsp;in null &nbsp;urbanisednullina nullnullnull nullnullnullnullher nullst nullian and nullacinullnull211m null1nullnulluth nullia null2nullnull nullnullnullddle nullst and nullrth nullfricanull1nullnull nullnullnullbnullaharan nullfricanull2nullm nullnullnulltin nullerica and nullribbeannull1nullm null10nullTotal null1,null3null null1nullnullurcenullnullapter nullnullnullInternational Migrationnull ruralnullrban migration within countries is an agenullld phenomenon, largenullcale international migration has increased greatly in recent years due to globalisation nullsee Table 1.2null null 1null0 there were in the world 1nullnullmillion people living outside the country where they were born.2By 201nullthis number had risen to 2null million, of whom about 10nullwere refugees.nullnull over the last nullarter century international migrants increased by null million. This is a large number, even if dwarfed by the scale of ruralnullrban migration. null addition, on one estimate there are another null00 million people who would like to move between countries but havennull yet done so.nullnull the increased number of recent migrants, over a half comes from migration between continents nullsee Table 1.null. There were big migrations into nullrth nullerica and nullrope, fuelled by emigration from nulluthnullnullentral nullerica, nullia and nullfrica. There were also important nullws of international migrants within continent nullsee Table 1.null. null nullia for enullample there were big nullws from the nulldian subnullontinent to the nulllf nulltates; and in nullrope there was the strong nullestward nullw that has followed the end of nullommunism.nullom the point of view of the enullsting residents an important issue is how many immigrants there are, as a share of the total population. This renullires us to look at immigrants as a fraction &nbsp;of the total population. nullt the world level this has risen by a half in recent years nullsee Table 1.2null But in most of the poorer and highly populous countries of the world, the proportion of migrants remains nullite low. null is in some richer countries that the proportion of immigrants is very high. null nullestern nullrope, most countries have immigrants at between 10 and 1nullper cent of the population.nullThe same is true of the nullnull while nullnada, nullustralia and nullw nullealand have between 20 and nullnull The most enullreme cases are the nullnull and nulluwait, both over null0null nullgure 1.1 shows the situation worldwide.Table 1.2nullnullnuller onullInternational Migrantsnullnuller onull nullgrantsMigrants as nullonull nullorld population1null0 nullm 2.null1null0 1nullnull 2.null201null 2nullm nullnullnullurcenullnullorld nullgration nulleport 201nullTable 1.3nullnullnullers onullInternational Migrants nullonulla nullnullerent nullontinent nullillionsnullnully destination continent nully continent onullorigin1null0 201null 1null0 201nullnullrope 20 null 20 20nullrth nullerica 2null null 2 nullnulluthnullnullentral nullerica null null 12 nullnullia 10 12 22 nullnullfrica 1 2 null 1nullnulleania null null null 1Total null 10null null 111nullurcenullnullorld nullgration nulleport 201nullWorld Happiness Report 2018Table 1.null nullnullers onullInternational Migrants nullonulla nullnullerent nullountry Witnulln tnull nullnull nullontinent nullillionsnull1null0 201nullnullrope 2null nullnullrth nullerica 1 2nulluthnullnullentral nullerica null nullnullia null nullnullfrica 1null 1nullnulleania 1 1Total 83 12nullnullurcenullnullorld nullgration nulleport 201nullnullgure 1.1nullnullercentage onullnullopulation nullrn nulltside tnull nullountrynullnullTnull Happiness onullInternational &nbsp;Migrantsnull already noted, migration within and between countries has in general shifted people from less to more productive work, and from lower to higher incomes. null many cases the differences have been nullite enullreme. nullternational migration has also saved many people from enullremes of oppression and physical danger nullsome 10null of all international migrants are refugees, or &nbsp;2nullmillion people in total.But what can be said about the happiness of international migrants after they have reached their destination? nullapter 2 of this report begins with its usual ranking and analysis of the levels and changes in the happiness of all residents, whether locally born or immigrants, based on samples of 1,000 per year, averaged for 201null201null, for 1null countries surveyed by the nullallup nullorld nulloll. The focus is then switched to international migration, separating out immigrants to permit ranking of the average life evaluations of &nbsp;immigrants for the 11nullcountries having more than 100 foreignnullorn respondents between 200nulland 201null. nullhese foreignnullorn residents may include shortnullerm guest workers, longer term immigrants, and serial migrants who shift their residency more often, at different stages &nbsp;of their upbringing, careers, and later livesnull null what determines the happiness of immigrants living in different countries and coming from different, other countries? Three striking facts emerge.null &nbsp;null the typical conulltry, inulligrants are &nbsp;anullnull as happy as people nullrn locally. &nbsp;nullhe difference is under 0.1 point out of 10null This is shown in nullgure 1.2. nullwever the nullure also shows that in the happiest countries immigrants are signinullantly less happy than locals, while the reverse is true in the least happy countries. This is because of the second nullding.null &nbsp;nullhe happiness of each nullgrant depends &nbsp;not only on the happiness of locals nullith a weight of ronullhly null.nullnull nullt also on the level of happiness in the nullgrantnulls conulltry of origin nullith a weight of ronullhly null.nullnull Thus if a migrant goes nullike many migrantsnullfrom a less happy to a more happy country, the migrant ends up somewhat less happy than the locals. But the reverse is true if a migrant goes from a more to a less happy country. This enulllains the pattern shown in nullgure 1.2 nulland is a general nullppronullmatenulltruth about all bilateral nullws. nullother way of describing this result is to say that on average, a migrant gains in happiness about threenulluarters of the difference in average happiness between the country of origin and the destination country.null &nbsp;nullhe happiness of inulligrants also depends inullortantly on how accepting the locals are towards inulligrants. nullo measure acceptance local residents were asked whether the following were nullgood thingsnullor nullad thingsnull having immigrants in the country, having an immigrant as a neighbour, and having an immigrant marry your close relativenull null a country that was more accepting nully one standard deviationnullimmigrants were happier by 0.1 points nullon a 0 to 10 scalenullThus the analysis in nullapter 2 argues that migrants gain on average if they move from &nbsp;a less happy to a more happy country nullhich &nbsp;is the main direction of migrationnull But that argument was based on a simple comparison &nbsp;nullgure 1.2nullnullnullerage nullnulle nullnullaluation onullnulloreign-nullrn and nullocally-nullrn nulldultsnullby nullountrynullurcenullnullapter 2World Happiness Report 2018of the happiness of migrants with people in the countries they have left. nullat if the migrants were different types of people from those left behind? nulles this change the conclusion? null nullapter nullshows, the answer is, null. null nullapter nullthe happiness of migrants is compared with individuals in their country of origin who are as closely matched to the migrants as possible and are thinking of moving. This again uses the data from the nullallup nullorld nulloll. The results from comparing the migrants with their looknullnullikes who stayed at home suggests that the average international migrant gained 0.nullnullpoints nullout of 10nullin happiness by migration nulls measured by the nullntril laddernull This is a substantial gain. But there is an important caveatnullthe manullrity gain, but many lose. nullor enullample, in the only controlled enulleriment that we know of, Tongans applying to migrate to nullw nullealand were selected on randomised basis.nullnullfter moving, those who had been selected to move were on average less happy than those who nullorciblynullstayed behind. nullgration clearly has its risks. These include separation from loved ones, discrimination in the new location, and a feeling of relative deprivation, because you now compare yourself with others who are richer than your previous reference group back home.nulle obvious nullestion isnullnull migrants become happier or less happy the longer they have been in a country? The answer is on average, neither nulltheir happiness remains nullt. nulld in some countries nullhere this has been studiednullthere is evidence that secondnulleneration migrants are no happier than their immigrant parents.nullnulle way</p>