May, 2020. Version 1.0Guidance on Open Educational Practices during School Closures: Utilizing OER under COVID-19 Pandemic in line with UNESCO OER Recommendation© Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University (SLIBNU), 2020Rights and PermissionsThis publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (creativecommons/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).Please cite the work as follows:Huang, R., Liu, D., Tlili, A., Knyazeva, S., Chang, T. W., Zhang, X., Burgos, D., Jemni, M., Zhang, M., Zhuang, R., (ii) Developing supportive policy; (iii) En-couraging inclusive and equitable quality OER; (iv) Nurturing the creation of sustainability models for OER; and (v) Facilitating international cooperation.On behalf of UNESCO IITE and UNESCO INRULED, we would like to thank our partners from the globe. Our special thanks go to the National Commission of the Peoples Republic of China for UNESCO for their incredible support during the realization of this publication. We also acknowledge with gratitude contributions to this publica-tion from our partner organizations, including Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University (SLIBNU), the International Association of Smart Learning Environment (IASLE), the Arab Leagues Educational, Cultural and Sci-entific Organization (ALECSO), Research Institute for Innovation (ii) Developing supportive policy; (iii) Encouraging inclusive and equitable quality OER; (iv) Nurturing the creation of sustainability models for OER; and (v), Facilitating international cooperation. Therefore, this handbook discusses the use of OEP and OER during COVID-19 outbreak through global vivid stories and experiences, and in line with the five UNE-SCO objectives. It also discusses OER competencies for OEP. Finally, this handbook provides guidelines to both teachers and learners to facilitate OEP and OER application.Executive Summary1 May, 2020. Version 1.0Glossary of termsInformation and communication technology (ICT): ICT is a technology field formed by the fusion of information technology and communication technology, which is not only the backbone of the information society, but also an important catalyst and tool for inducing educational reforms that change our students into productive knowledge workers (Pelgrum, 2001). Distance Education: Distance education is a planned learning that normally occurs in a different place and requires a well-defined system of delivery that includes modified teaching techniques, alternative modes for communication including, but not limited to technology, as well as alternative administrative and organizational components (Moore Siemens and content-based MOOCs (xMOOCs), which follow a more behaviourist approach (Yuan UNESCO, 2019).Open Licence: Open license refers to a license that respects the intellectual property rights of the copyright owner and provides permissions granting the public the rights to access, re-use, re-purpose, adapt and redistribute educational materials (UNESCO recommendation, 2019).Open Learning: Open learning is an approach to education that seeks to remove all unnecessary barriers to learning, while aiming to provide students with a reasonable chance of success in an education and training system centered on their specific needs and located in multiple arenas of learning (UNESCO, 2015).OER Authoring Tools: Authoring tools that enables users to create OERs, including open contents ( e.g. images, videos, texts, animations and audios) and open online courses. Wikis are already extensively used in many higher education programmes for educational purposes, and are one of the authoring tools being used to generate open content (UNESCO, 2015).OER Repository: A place on the internet as well as in the physical world for storing digital OER for later search and retrieval, such as MIT OCW (ocw.mit.edu) and OpenLearn (openlearn.open.ac.uk.) (UNESCO, 2015).OER Directory Sites: OER directory sites do not act as a repository, but have identified quality OER and store them in a database of web links, such as OER Commons (oercommons) and Commonwealth of Learning (col/OER) (UNESCO, 2015).OER Community: A place where members of the community can work together on questions, issues and documents of OER, such as UNESCO OER Community (oerwiki.iiepunesco). The site contains useful resources needed to understand what OER is about, and how to use/contribute/collaborate (UNESCO, 2015).Open Textbooks: An Open Textbook is a textbook licensed under an open license and made available online to be freely used by students, teachers and members of the public. Many open textbooks are distributed in either print, e-book, or audio formats that may be downloaded or purchased at little or no cost (Algers, 2019).3 May, 2020. Version 1.0Open Pedagogy: Open pedagogy is a set of teaching and learning practices that is only possible in the context of the free access and 5R (reuse, redistribute, revise, remix and retain) permissions characteristic of open educational resources (Wiley, 2013).Open Collaboration: The prototypical open collaboration system is an online environment that (a) supports the collective production of an artifact (b) through a technologically mediated collaboration platform (c) that presents a low barrier to entry and exit and (d) supports the emergence of persistent but malleable social structures. Combined, these characteristics yield complex sociotechnical systems that offer new opportunities for people to form ties with others and create things together (Andrea, Forte, Cliff, & Lampe, 2013).Open Assessment of Learning: The process of learning verification and feedback that takes place collaboratively, mediated by free access tools in which teachers produce or adapt assessment resources and students adapt and reshape these resources for the purpose of generating for themselves an assessment that meets their personal needs, learning styles and context (Chiappe, 2012). OER 5R: The 5R permissions of OER includes reuse, revise, remix, redistribute and retain. Reuse refers to the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g. in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video). Revise refers to the right to adapt, adjust, modify or alter the content itself (e.g. translate the content into another language). Redistribute refers to the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions or your remixes with others (e.g. give a copy of your content to a friend). Retain refers to the right to make, own and control copies of the content (e.g. download, copy, store and manage). Remix refers to the right to combine the original or revised content with other material to create something new (e.g. incorporate the content into a mashup) (UNESCO, 2015).