The Annual G20 Scorecard Research Performance 2019 Professor Jonathan Adams, Gordon Rogers technology as a creator of an innovative and inclusive society; and sustainability. In considering likely outcomes, it is valuable to recognize the influence not only of the G20 as a group, but also to assess the diverse profile and trajectories of each member. Collectively, the 19 countries in the G20 accounted for more than five million articles and reviews indexed in the Web of Science research publication and citation index for the last three years. That is over 70% of the global total. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) is uniquely placed to deliver a comparative research snapshot for each G20 nation, setting Web of Science data alongside other key metrics on people, finance and patenting.The countries profiled within this report are selective. We have chosen topics of current policy interest that we know, through our work with research funders and research institutions, are good signals of the health of the research base. Key factors that contribute to impactful research include: Relative research funding within the wider economy: the EUs ambition is for at least 3% of GDP by 2020 Gender balance in the research workforce: UNESCO reports a global average of 30% of researchers to be female International engagement: international collaboration accounts for about half of G20 output and produces some of the most impactful research Open access to research: the EU is driving Plan S to make all publicly-funded research publications immediately accessible and one-third of G20 output in 2018 was published in an OA format We also summarise publication output and citation impact and deconstruct these indicators by main research areas in sciences and humanities.The data are visualized through graphic analyses that include the Impact Profiles and Research Footprints that we have developed. These were discussed in detail in our January 2019 report Profiles, not metrics (GRR 1). For this publication, the benchmark is either the average or the median for the G20 group as a whole. These visualizations are explained in notes preceding the national profile pages.There is no ranking of the countries profiled here, because that would not be meaningful. This is a not a report on comparative performance. These profiles cover some large, mature economies and some economies that are smaller or still building their research base. The time trend graphs show the progress of that development. These scorecards will help policy-makers, observers and reporters to track, applaud and critique that progress, including the diversification of the research workforce, the allocation of strong research funding and the shift to Open Access.of world population (World Bank, 2018)of global GDP (World Bank, 2018)Represents87%Employsof the worlds researchers (OECD, 2015)92%of global R&D (OECD, 2015)Spends70%of global research papers (Web of Science, 2018)Publishes 65%IntroductionThe 2019 G20 Summit takes place in Osaka, Japan on June 28-29. What happens in the G20 affects the world and the G20 group is undoubtedly a driver in the global research system. 54Executive summaryCountry Summary of research footprintArgentinaGERD remains low at 0.53% GDP, and patenting is also relatively low, but while the research workforce is relatively small it is gender-balanced (53% female). Output per researcher is half G20 average. Publication via Open Access (OA) models is relatively high, especially in social sciences and humanities. The citation impact of publications is boosted by international collaboration: 11% of these papers are in the global top 10%. AustraliaOutput has doubled in a decade and is relatively high per researcher and per GERD - but it is levelling-out and purely domestic output is now dropping. Overall citation impact is above G20 average, boosted by international collaboration where 17.5% of papers are in the global top 10%. OA is around G20 average in science but well below this in other areas.BrazilOA has been a strong feature of output across all disciplines. The absence of key OECD data for Brazil means some other indicators are absent. Output growth has been steady, driven as much by domestic activity as by collaboration and is strongest in life sciences. As elsewhere, collaboration is a significant aspect of citation impact, which is otherwise below G20 average.CanadaOutput has risen by around 30% in a decade, and is strong in social sciences and health but, despite above average productivity, domestic output has been flat and is dropping. Citation impact is relatively good with 38% of publications above world average citation impact compared to 31% for the G20 as a whole. It is strongest in health and natural sciences.ChinaThere is an enormous research workforce (2 million researchers), a strong level of investment (GERD as 2% GDP) and relatively high patenting rates. Its output productivity is domestically driven, although below G20 average, and is particularly strong in science and technology. Average citation impact is rising and has reached G20 average, and the Impact Profile shows that 10% of its papers are in the global top 10%.FranceOnly 27% of researchers are female, OA is below G20 average in most fields, and output both per researcher and per GERD funding is below average. Citation impact is relatively good in science, boosted by a high level of international collaboration now accounting for over 60% of all output while domestic output has been in decline: output per researcher has been static.GermanyInvestment is high with GERD at 3% of GDP, and output per GERD is below G20 average whereas output per researcher is around average. The citation impact of this research is relatively good, across both international and domestic activity, and secures a 12.6% share of the worlds top 10% of papers. Only 28% of researchers are female. OA has been below G20 average but is rising.IndiaThere is no readily available recent data on GERD for researchers, so we cannot index productivity, but volume output appears to be relatively low for such a large economy. International collaboration remains relatively low level and Open Access has been adopted only in bio-medicine. These factors all contribute to a relatively weak Impact Profile and low citation impact across all areas.IndonesiaResearch output is small but has trebled in a decade, across all disciplines. More than 75% of this output is internationally collaborative, so that also influences the Impact Profile. Average citation impact is relatively good in medicine and in social science and humanities, but domestic impact remains relatively low and over 40% of domestic papers are uncited. OA take up is good, but this is driven by very high OA in medicine. ItalyCitation impact is relatively good in all areas, but output is only just above G20 median, which is surprising for a G7 research economy. The Impact Profile shows that average performance is boosted by international collaboration, which accounts for 55% of total output. Productivity figures (per GERD and per researcher) are well above average, so output is not constrained by consistently low investment.Country Summary of research footprintJapanCitation impact is relatively low for a well-established research economy with a high level of GERD/GDP (3.2%). The Impact Profile shows that performance is lifted above the G20 average through international collaboration, although this is relatively low, at 30% of a total output that has remained very flat over the decade. Productivity is well below average and only 16% of the researcher population are female.MexicoResearch investment remains relatively low (GERD/GDP is 0.49%) but rising output is boosted by high researcher productivity. However, citation impact has been flat over the decade and the Impact Profile shows that the performance of the domestic base remains below world average and overall impact has recently fallen compared to that benchmark. Only in medicine and health does impact match the world average.RussiaOutput has been recovering slowly from post-Soviet disruption and is close to G20 median in physical sciences but still low in engineering. Citation impact is boosted by rising international collaboration (38% of total) but share of global top 10% papers is low (4.2%) and the Impact Profile shows that domestic research is generally cited less than world average. Productivity by GERD and researcher is relatively low, and OA is exceptionally low. Saudi ArabiaAverage citation impact appears very high as only 20% of papers are domestic, and the bulk of the Impact Profile reflects a policy orientation towards international collaboration, or affiliation, that has grown steeply while domestic capacity has remained relatively static. Impact by discipline is consequently relatively high in all areas, compared both to G20 average and to the countrys substantive activity.South AfricaThe overall Impact Profile is close to G20 average, boosted by international collaboration (60% of output) that underpins a strong performance in medicine and health research. Productivity is high and output has been rising, although it remains relatively low in the G20. Open Access publication rates across disciplines are consistently high and female researchers make up an impressive 45% of the workforce. South KoreaGERD/GDP (4.5%) is exceptionally high. This has not yet been translated into output, where productivity is well below G20 averages, or citation impact. The latter may partly be due to lower international collaboration than the G20 average. Female researchers are a relatively small part (20%) of the workforce. OA is rising and is already above G20 benchmarks.TurkeyOutput has recently declined and productivity by GERD and researcher has fallen throughout the decade. Citation impact has remained well below world average in all areas, boosted by international collaboration which remains low at 25% total output. Output is also relatively low across all areas, given the size of the economy and Open Access is declining relative to the G20 generally.United KingdomThe share of papers in the global top 10% (14.5%) is the highest in the G20 and the Impact Profile shows that the domestic research base is also well above group average. By discipline, average citation impact is relatively high (above 1.18) in most areas and only low in art and design. International collaboration is exceptionally high (63%) for such a large economy. The number of female researchers (39%) is above G20 average.United StatesCitation impact is consistent, though less than the UK, across all disciplines. The Impact Profile shows that the domestic research base is boosted less by international collaboration than for other countries. However, although GERD/GDP (2.8%) remains high, output and impact are in decline and output/researcher has fallen below the G20 average. Publishing via OA models is on the rise but is below the G20 average.760%5%10%15%20%25%World average cites/paper = 1.0Uncited0 world average % in top 10%United Kingdom total 1,274,025 1.41 41.1% 14.5%United Kingdom domestic 550,634 1.10 35.0% 10.7%United Kingdom international 723,391 1.65 45.6% 17.4%G20 total dataset 15,164,121 0.99 31.3% 9.5%94544Output by GERDOutput and Open AccessImpact by disciplineOutput by researcherOutput and Open AccessOutput by disciplinePapers per researcher (FTE)Papers per million GERD (PPP US$)United Kingdom Population 65,595,565Researchers 5nullnull,9nullnull Researchers / 1000 population null 9Female researchers null9null5null6 nullomen as nullresearchers nullnullnullGDP (PPP US$ nullillions) null965nullnull Patents 5null,null6GERD (PPP US$ nullillions) null9nullnull nullRD (PPP US$ nullillions) null nullGERD/GDP (null) nullnull6 Patents/nullERD null6null nullTotal annullnullomestic papers per nullearDomestic papers (inc Gnull0)nullatenullornullnormalisenullcitation impactnullpen nullccess papers per nullearnullpen nullccess papers (inc Gnull0)Impact pronullileOutput and collaboration Impact and collaborationnullnullinullnullSEnnullnullDnullnullSocSnullnullnullinullnullSEnnullnullDnullnullSocSnullnullapers nullnull nullnullnullorld anullerage nullin top nullnullnullUnitenullnullinnullnullom total 1nullnullnull4null0null5 1null41 41null1null 14null5nullUnitenullnullinnullnullom nullomestic 550nullnullnull4 1null10 nullnull0null 10nullnullnullUnitenullnullinnullnullom international nullnullnullnullnullnull 1nullnull5 45nullnullnull 1nullnull4nullGnull0 total nullataset 15null 4null 1 0null null nullnull null5null0%5%10%15%20%25%World average cites/paper = 1.0Uncited0 world average % in top 10%Argentina total 98,448 0.92 25.8% 6.9%Argentina domestic 51,792 0.54 17.4% 2.9%Argentina international 46,656 1.34 35.1% 11.3%G20 total dataset 15,164,121 0.99 31.3% 9.5%0%25%50%75%100%02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180%10%20%30%40%05001,0001,5002,0002,5002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002.502009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.402009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017MedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&HSoc0%25%50%75%100%02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180%10%20%30%40%05001,0001,5002,0002,5002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002.502009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.402009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017MedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&HSoc0%25%50%75%100%02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180%10%20%30%40%05001,0001,5002,0002,5002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002.502009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.402009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017MedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&HSoc0%25%50%75%100%02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180%10%20%30%40%05001,0001,5002,0002,5002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002.502009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.402009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017MedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&DH&LSocSAMMedLifeMPSEngA&HSoc0%25%50%75%100%02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180.000.501.001.502.002009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20180%10%20%30%40%05001,0001,5002,0002,5