Insight Report Global Gender Gap Report 20202 World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contactweforum weforum Copyright © 2019 by the World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-03-2 The Report and an interactive data platform are available at reports.weforum/global-gender-gap-report-2020/dataexplorer. Terms of Use and Disclaimer The analysis presented in the Global Gender Gap Report 2020 (herein: “Report”) is based on a methodology integrating the latest statistics from international organizations and a survey of executives. 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Users who intend to sell World Economic Forum Data as part of a database or as a stand-alone product must first obtain the permission from the World Economic Forum (CNESweforum).3 Contents Preface _ 4 Key Findings _ 5 PART 1 - MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP _ 7 Chapter 1 - The Global Gender Gap Index 2020 _ 8 Global Results, 2020 _ 8 Progress over Time _ 15 Performance by Region _ 20 Chapter 2 - The Future of Gender Parity _ 37 Gender Gaps in Frontier Roles _ 37 Gender Gaps in Frontier Skills _ 38 The Road to Gender Parity in the Fourth Industrial Revolution _ 42 Appendix A - Regional Classifications _ 44 Appendix B - The Global Gender Gap Index: Methodology and Technical Notes _ 45 Section A: Computation and Composition of the Global Gender Gap Index _ 45 Section B: Indicators Definitions and Sources _ 48 Notes 57.8% of this gap has been closed so far, which represents a slight step back since last year. Progress towards closing the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gaps is more advanced: 96.1% and 95.7%, respectively, of these gaps have been closed to date, both marginally improved since last year. 3. With regard to the Political Empowerment subindex, 108 countries of the 149 covered in both current and last years editions have improved their overall scores, driven mainly by a significant increase in the number of women in parliaments compared to the last assessment. Notably, in some countries such as Latvia, Spain and Thailand the number of women in parliament has increased substantially. Nonetheless, to date only 25% of these 35,127 global seats are occupied by women and only 21% of the 3,343 ministers are women; and in some countries, women are not represented at all. Key Findings In addition, over the past 50 years, in 85 of the 153 countries covered by this report there has never been a female head of state. 4. In parallel to improving representation of women among political leaders, the number of women in senior roles within the Economic Participation and Opportunity dimension has also increased. Globally, 36% of senior private sectors managers and public sectors officials are women (about 2% higher than the figure reported last year). Despite this progress, the gap to close on this aspect remains substantial as only a handful of countries are approaching parity. 5. In contrast to the slow but positive progress in terms of leadership positions, womens participation in the labour market is stalling and financial disparities are slightly larger (on average), explaining the step back registered by the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex this year. On average, only 55% of adult women are in the labour market, versus 78% of men, while over 40% of the wage gap (the ratio of the wage of a woman to that of a man in a similar position) and over 50% of the income gap (the ratio of the total wage and non-wage income of women to that of men) are still to be bridged. Further, in many countries, women are significantly disadvantaged in accessing credit, land or financial products, which prevents opportunities for them to start a company or make a living by managing assets. 6. Educational Attainment gaps are relatively small on average but there are still countries where investment in womens talent is insufficient. While in 35 countries gender parity in education has been achieved, a few developing countries have yet to close over 20% of the gaps. Ten percent of girls aged 1524 in the world are illiterate, with a high concentration in developing countries. Further, in these countries, education attainment is low for both girls and boys, which calls for greater investment to develop human capital in general. Even in countries where education attainment is relatively high, womens skills are not always in line with those required to succeed in the professions of the future. In addition, they encounter barriers to employment in the most dynamic and in-demand occupations. Based on data from the LinkedIn platform, women are under- represented in six of the eight micro-clusters with the highest employment growth rate (people and culture, content production, marketing, sales, specialized project managers, data and AI, engineering and cloud computing). Further, comparing where women are