The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), a United Nations specialized agency, is the leading international organization with the decisive and central role in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know- how. Its membership includes 159 countries, 6 territories, 2 permanent observers and over 500 Affiliate Members. The Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010 provided the first look and a baseline study on the situation of women in the tourism sector. This second edition of the report considers how the situation has evolved since then and provides a thorough assessment of tourisms contribution towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. The report has an extended geographical scope, additional in-depth industry analysis and contains a rich tapestry of case-studies that illustrate how women around the world are using tourism as a vehicle for empowerment and development. With the kind support of: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) unwto World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Global Report on Women in Tourism Second edition Global Report on Women in Tourism Second editione-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition With the kind support of: UN Women, World Bank Group, Amadeus, and German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition 2 Table of contents Acknowledgments 4 Foreword 7 Executive summary 8Chapter 1: Background and approach 181.1 Conceptual framework 221.2 Report structure 25Chapter 2: Thematic areas 282.1 Employment 30 2.1.1 Findings and good practices in tourism employment 322.2 Entrepreneurship 47 2.2.1 Findings and good practices in tourism entrepreneurship 512.3 Education and training 60 2.3.1 Findings and good practices in tourism education and training 602.4 Leadership, policy and decision-making 65 2.4.1 Findings and good practices in tourism leadership, policy and decision-making 662.5 Community and civil society 74 2.5.1 Findings and good practices in community and civil society 742.6 Conclusions and recommendations on thematic areas 78e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition 3Chapter 3: World regions 823.1 Africa 86 3.1.1 Findings and good practices in gender equality and tourism in Africa 873.2 Asia and the Pacific 95 3.2.1 Findings and good practices in gender equality and tourism in Asia and the Pacific 973.3 Europe 103 3.3.1 Findings and good practices in gender equality and tourism in Europe 1063.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 112 3.4.1 Findings and good practices in gender equality and tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean 1143.5 Conclusions and recommendations on world regions 118Chapter 4: Tourism industries 1204.1 Digital platforms and technology 122 4.1.1 Women in information technology (IT) 122 4.1.2 Initiatives that promote gender equality and womens empowerment in the technology sector 125 4.1.3 Gender, tourism and digital transformation 126 4.1.4 Research on gender, tourism and the digital economy 1324.2 Hotels and accommodation 133 4.2.1 Policy frameworks on accommodation 133 4.2.2 Gender gaps in accommodation 133 4.2.3 Regional trends in accommodation 1344.3 Tour operators 138 4.3.1 Gender gaps among tour operators 138 4.3.2 Regional trends in tour guiding 1394.4 Community-based tourism 141 4.4.1 Regional trends in community-based tourism 1434.5 Conclusions and recommendations on tourism industries 148Chapter 5: Recommendations and action points 150Annexes 160Annex 1 Glossary of key gender terms 160Annex 2 Methodology 162Annex 3 Key questions 169Annex 4 How can tourism contribute to the Sustainable Devepolment Goals 172 Acronyms and abbreviations 177 List of graphic elements 174 References and bibliography 178e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition 4 Acknowledgments This report was commissioned jointly by UNWTO, UN Women, World Bank Group, Amadeus and BMZ implemented by GIZ. It was produced by Dr. Lucy Ferguson with support from three regional experts: Dr. Brenda Boonabaana for the Africa region, Dr. Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore for the Asia and the Pacific Region and Dr. Daniela Moreno Alarcon for the Latin America and the Caribbean region. Additional research support was provided by Jasper Ankunda Bakeiha, Ruya Leghari and Eleanor Wragg. The revision and editing of the report was supervised by Marina Diotallevi for UNWTO, Ghada Jiha, Sharon J. Taylor and Nicole Van Huyssteen for UN Women, Sandra Schmidt-Willand, Lara Kogge and Andreas Hofmann for GIZ on behalf of BMZ, Dr. Louise Twining-Ward and Wendy Li for World Bank Group and Charoula Gkioka for Amadeus. The report was coordinated and revised by Ben Owen with thanks to Juliana Contreras, Susana Costa Resende, Leandry Moreno, Patricia Muñoz King, Javier Ruescas, Sandra Carvão and Cordula Wohlmuther at UNWTO. Special thanks go to the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative (We-Fi) for their financial support. Airbnb kindly provided sex-disaggregated data for the report. e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition 5 The author and regional experts would like to thank all those who contributed their experiences to the case studies: Mukunzi Alice, Kyorisiima Allen, Marcela Bacigalupo, Emily Bashaija, Zina Bencheikh, Anne-Sophie Beraud, Shereen Bong, Madame Bridget, Estela Bulku, Mary Busingye, Jean Byamugisha, Kemly Camacho, Lucky Chhetri, Lina Choi, Stroma Cole, Eulalia Corralero Pajares, Julie Duchatel, Emilio Ferrero, Elsa Fortes, Kasanda Fridah, Vanilde Furtado, Ofelia Gaitán Palacios, Isabel Garcia, Shirley L. Gayle Monge, Mónica Gil-Casares Mesonero-Romanos, Evelyne Habasa, Bakundane Happiness, Ali Jordan, Kasande Justine, Allen Kamusiime, Gloria Karungi, Raymond Kato, Evas Kemirembe, Nayana Renu Kumar, Penina Kwikiriza, Grace Kyampairwe, Edinansi Kyorisiima, Molly Limbisibwe, Richard Ngabirano, Courtney OConnell, Minako Okada, Iaia Pedemonte, Berta Polo, Tumisiime Provia, Andrea Milla Quesada, Claudia Rodrigues, Francesca Alessandra Romita Iturbe, Carrie Sallgren, Ashwini Shukthankar, Pravin Tamang, Alcinda Trawen, Jeninah Tumuramye, Ruth Tumuramye, Jenina Tumusiime, Robina Turyahimbisa and Yeganeh Zemani. The cover photo for the report was taken by Allal Fadilli, for Intrepid Marrakesh and features Ibtissam Bennacer working as a tour guide for Peak DMC, Marrakesh. UNWTO, UN Women, GIZ, World Bank Group and Amadeus express their gratitude to everybody involved in producing this report. 5e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 6 Global Report on Women and Tourism Second Edition 6 6 From case study 2.3: Proyecto Emprende, Costa Rica, page 50e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition 7 7 7 Foreword The landmark Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010 was the first study of its kind to map the participation of women in the tourism sector worldwide. The report presented a detailed picture that focussed on five main areas: employment, entrepreneurship, leadership, education and community. UNWTO is pleased to join forces again with UN Women, as well as new partners GIZ on behalf of BMZ, World Bank Group and Amadeus to produce this second edition. This report analyses how the situation has evolved since the 2010 study and provides a comprehensive analysis of tourisms contribution towards the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular Sustainable Development Goal 5 to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. This second edition builds on the first with an extended geographical scope to cover both developed and developing countries. It also includes an extensive analysis of four key branches of the tourism sector and a strengthened qualitative dimension, including a literature review, field research, interviews and a rich tapestry of in-depth case studies from across the globe. One of the most exciting developments of recent years has been the increasing permeation of technology and digital platforms across the tourism sector. This edition of the report explores these developments from a gender perspective, highlighting the opportunities and challenges for womens empowerment and socioeconomic development in the digital age of tourism. Above all, the Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition is intended to provide an up- to date and broader understanding of the situation for women in the tourism sector. Finally, the key findings, recommendations and action points provide stakeholders with the tools they need to empower women in tourism and bring us closer to a world where gender equality is a reality for all. Zurab Pololikashvili Secretary-General, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 8 Global Report on Women and Tourism Second Edition 8 8 Executive summary Tourism has a pivotal role to play in achieving the commitments at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development including commitments to gender equality, womens empowerment and leaving no one behind. The aim of the Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition, is to examine the key factors that contribute to gender equality in the tourism sector. It pinpoints challenges and identifies ways to mitigate inequality and harness tourisms potential to advance gender equality and womens empowerment worldwide. In order to do this, the report explores the same five thematic areas as the first edition of Global Report employment; entrepreneurship; education and training; leadership, policy and decision- making; and community and civil society. Drawing on existing literature and practice from the field of gender equality and tourism, five thematic goals were established to demonstrate what gender equality and womens empowerment in tourism would look like:E mp lo y me n t Tourism provides decent work for women;OPENEntrepreneurshipWomens tourism businesses lead to womens economic empowerment; EducationTourism education and training promote gender equality and womens empowerment in the sector; LeadershipWomen are leaders in the tourism sector and are represented and influential in decision-making spaces; andCommunityTourism empowers women to work collectively for justice and gender equality.e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 Global Report on Women in Tourism Second Edition 9 9 9 A series of questions were developed to understand the extent to which the tourism sector is meeting these goals (annex 3). These questions were addressed through a combination of quantitative analysis, literature review and 25 in-depth case studies from 18 countries. 11As well as exploring five thematic areas, the report explores trends across four world regions Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe and four key tourism industries digital platforms and technology, hotels and accommodation, tour operators, and community-based tourism. It must be noted that the availability of national sex-disaggregated quantitative data on tourism is limited. In the report, however, this has been complimented with other reliable, representative quantitative data sets and every effort has been made to use all the available data to its full potential as noted in annex 2. Furthermore, this scarcity of quantitative data is highlighted in the report and included in the recommendations in order to improve data collection and reporting from national tourism administrations, national statistics institutes and other relevant entities to aid future research and knowledge on gender equality in tourism. This study has led to the following key findings: 54%of people employed in tourism are women 39% a of people employed in the broader economy are women Women in tourism earn 14,7% less Women in broader economy earn 16,8% less 23.0%of tourism ministers are women 20.7%of government ministers are women 1 Case studies were drawn from Albania, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Uganda, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. a) World Bank (2019), World Bank Open Data, World Bank, Washington, D.C. (online), available at: data.worldbank (01-07-2019).e-unwto/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384 - Thursday, November 28, 2019 6:31:59 PM - IP Address:124.235.39.62 10 Global Report on Women and Tourism Second Edition 10 10 Key finding 1 Targeted interventions by public, private and civil society actors such as promoting equal pay, tackling sexual harassment and recruiting women into high-level employment help to promote decent work for women in tourism Recommendation: Implement strategies that promote decent work for women across all aspects of the tourism sector. SDG targets: Women make up the majority of the tourism workforce worldwide. The gender wage gap is narrower in tourism than it is in the broader economy at the global level. However, tourism employment is comparatively lower-paid for both men and women than average wages across the broader economy. Data analysis for this report suggests a positive correlation between a gender-sensitive macroeconomic environment and policies, and womens employment in tourism, versus their employment in the broader economy. Figure ES.1: Percentage of people employed in tourism that are women, 2018 (%) Note: Based on the proportion of women versus men employed and self-employed